SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: AN EXPLORATION OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL INSTITUTION FACTORS IN PAKISTAN

Main Article Content

MUHAMMAD IRFAN, ADNAN AHMAD, SYED MOHSIN ALI SHAH, AMIR ISHAQUE

Abstract

"Rethinking business" and "social business" are both ways of looking at the world's big-picture trends, and there seems to be a noticeable shift toward rethinking business and rethinking social business (Baker, 2011). Progressively, studies have been directed at businesses as having more than just an economic or Schumpeterian purpose, where entrepreneurs encourage growth and structural changes in a financial system. They also look at businesses as having a social component (Drayton, 2012). Many scholars and researchers believe that social entrepreneurs have the potential to lead the way for a more sustainable and equitable society, one that is founded on the foundation of meeting local needs and developing new market-oriented solutions (Nicholls, 2011; Urban, 2015; Weerawardena & Mort, 2006).

Article Details

Section
Corporate / Business Law
Author Biography

MUHAMMAD IRFAN, ADNAN AHMAD, SYED MOHSIN ALI SHAH, AMIR ISHAQUE

MUHAMMAD IRFAN

PhD Scholar at Institute of Business Studies and Leadership

Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan

ADNAN AHMAD

Associate Professor at Institute of Business Studies and Leadership

Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan

SYED MOHSIN ALI SHAH

Associate Professor at Institute of Business Studies and Leadership

Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan

AMIR ISHAQUE

Associate Professor, Department of Business Studies, Air University School of Management,

Air University, Islamabad

References

Alvord, S. H., Brown, L. D., & Letts, C. W. (2004). Social entrepreneurship and societal transformation: An exploratory study. The journal of applied behavioral science, 40(3), 260-282.

Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei–Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: same, different, or both?. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(1), 1-22.

Baker, M. J. (2011). Why ‘Social Business'? Social Business, 1(1), 1-15.

Battilana, J. (2018). Cracking the organizational challenge of pursuing joint social and financial goals: Social enterprise as a laboratory to understand hybrid organizing. Management, 21(4), 1278-1305.

Bryman, A., and Bell, E. (2011). Business Research Methods. 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Certo, S. T., & Miller, T. (2008). Social entrepreneurship: Key issues and concepts. Business Horizons, 51(1), 267–271.

Chell, E., Nicolopoulou, K., & Karataş-Özkan, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship and enterprise: International and innovation perspectives. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(6), 485-493.

Corner, P. D., & Ho, M. (2010). How opportunities develop in social entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 34(4), 635-659.

Cornwall, J. R. (1998). The entrepreneur as a building block for community. Journal of developmental entrepreneurship, 3(2), 141.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Steps in conducting a scholarly mixed methods study.

Dees, S. (2001). The opening policy in China: Simulations of a macroeconometric model. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23(4), 397-410.

Friedman, V. J., & Desivilya, H. (2010). Integrating social entrepreneurship and conflict engagement for regional development in divided societies. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(6), 495-514.

Germak, A. J., & Robinson, J. A. (2014). Exploring the motivation of nascent social entrepreneurs. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 5-21.

Hazenberg, R., Bajwa-Patel, M., Mazzei, M., Roy, M. J., & Baglioni, S. (2016). The role of institutional and stakeholder networks in shaping social enterprise ecosystems in Europe. Social Enterprise Journal, 12(3), 302-321.

Hechavarria, D. M., Ingram, A., Justo, R., & Terjesen, S. (2012). Are women more likely to pursue social and environmental entrepreneurship?. In Global women’s entrepreneurship research. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Hynes, B. (2009). Growing the social enterprise–issues and challenges. Social Enterprise Journal, 5(2), 114-125.

Kirby, D. A. (2004). Entrepreneurship education: can business schools meet the challenge?. Education+ training, 46(8/9), 510-519.

Koe Hwee Nga, J., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of business ethics, 95, 259-282.

Leadbeater, C. (1997). The rise of the social entrepreneur (No. 25). Demos.

Leadbeater, C. (2007). Social enterprise and social innovation: Strategies for the next ten years. A social enterprise think piece for the Cabinet Office of the Third Sector.

Lepoutre, J., Justo, R., Terjesen, S., & Bosma, N. (2013). Designing a global standardized methodology for measuring social entrepreneurship activity: the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor social entrepreneurship study. Small business economics, 40, 693-714.

Lewis, J., Ritchie, J., Ormston, R., & Morrell, G. (2003). Generalising from qualitative research. Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers, 2(347-362).

Lumpkin, G. T., Moss, T. W., Gras, D. M., Kato, S., & Amezcua, A. S. (2013). Entrepreneurial processes in social contexts: how are they different, if at all?. Small Business Economics, 40, 761-783.

Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of world business, 41(1), 36-44.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. sage.

Nicholls, A. (2011). social enterprise–at the forefront of rethinking business?.

Noruzi, M. R., Westover, J. H., & Rahimi, G. R. (2010). An exploration of social entrepreneurship in the entrepreneurship era. Asian Social Science, 6(6), 3.

Peredo, A. M., & McLean, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of world business, 41(1), 56-65.

Rawhouser, H., Cummings, M., & Newbert, S. L. (2019). Social impact measurement: Current approaches and future directions for social entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 43(1), 82-115.

Sakarya, S., Bodur, M., Yildirim-Öktem, Ö., & Selekler-Göksen, N. (2012). Social alliances: Business and social enterprise collaboration for social transformation. Journal of business research, 65(12), 1710-1720.

Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship.

Sharir, M., & Lerner, M. (2006). Gauging the success of social ventures initiated by individual social entrepreneurs. Journal of world business, 41(1), 6-20.

Shaw, E., & Carter, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: Theoretical antecedents and empirical analysis of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 14(3), 418-434.

Sheldon, P., & Li, Y. (2013). Localized poaching and skills shortages of manufacturing employees among MNEs in China. Journal of world Business, 48(2), 186-195.

Short, J. C., Moss, T. W., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2009). Research in social entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future opportunities. Strategic entrepreneurship journal, 3(2), 161-194.

Solomon, G. T., & Winslow, E. K. (1988). Toward a descriptive profile of the entrepreneur. The Journal of Creative Behavior.

Thompson, J., Alvy, G., & Lees, A. (2000). Social entrepreneurship–a new look at the people and the potential. Management decision, 38(5), 328-338.

Timmons, J. A. (1989). The Entrepreneurial Mind. Brick House Publishing Co., 3 Main St., PO Box 512, Andover, MA (clothbound: ISBN-0-931790-84-0; paperback: ISBN-0-931790-85-9, $18.95).

Urban, B. (2015). Evaluation of social enterprise outcomes and self-efficacy. International Journal of Social Economics.

Wallace, S. L. (1999). Social entrepreneurship: The role of social purpose enterprises in facilitating community economic development. Journal of developmental entrepreneurship, 4(2), 153.

Weaver, R. L. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on the social enterprise sector. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1-9.

Weerawardena, J., & Mort, G. S. (2006). Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model. Journal of world business, 41(1), 21-35.

Zahra, S. A., Rawhouser, H. N., Bhawe, N., Neubaum, D. O., & Hayton, J. C. (2008). Globalization of social entrepreneurship opportunities. Strategic entrepreneurship journal, 2(2), 117-131.