HOW TO ENHANCE CONSTITUTIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS?
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of direct democracy and freedom of the press on constitutional and political awareness. For the data collection, we employed an online questionnaire distributed to 400 college students selected proportionally from six universities in East Java, Indonesia. Further, partial least square (PLS) was used to analyze the obtained data (392 or 90%). Our finding suggested that direct democracy and freedom of the press have significant and immediate effects on constitutional awareness, but they do not affect constitutional awareness. Besides, direct democracy and press freedom significantly and indirectly affect constitutional awareness through political awareness. This finding indicates that the enhancement of society's constitutional awareness can be completed by improving press freedom and the society’s direct democracy and political awareness.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Altman, D. (Ed.). (2010). TermsoftheDebateSurroundingDirectDemocracy. In DirectDemocracy Worldwide (pp. 32–59). Cambridge UniversityPress. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511933950.003
Altman, D. (Ed.). (2018a). How Can DirectDemocracy Be Improved?: Citizens’ CommissionsandCitizens’ Counterproposals. In CitizenshipandContemporaryDirectDemocracy (pp. 167–197). Cambridge UniversityPress. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108634397.008
Altman, D. (Ed.). (2018b). WhyAdoptDirectDemocracy?: Much More Than a Simple Vote. In CitizenshipandContemporaryDirectDemocracy (pp. 145–166). Cambridge UniversityPress. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108634397.007
Arceneaux, K. (2002). DirectDemocracyandthe Link betweenPublicOpinionand State AbortionPolicy. State Politics&PolicyQuarterly, 2(4), 372–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000200200403
Asatryan, Z., & De Witte, K. (2015). Directdemocracyandlocalgovernmentefficiency. EuropeanJournalofPoliticalEconomy, 39, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.04.005
Asshiddiqie, J. (2008). Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara Jilid II. Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi.
Asshiddiqqie, J. (2005). Konstitusi dan Konstitusionalisme Indonesia. Konstitusi Press.
Atmadja, I. D. G. (2012). Hukum Konstitusi, Problem Konstitusi Indonesia Sesudah Perubahan UUD 1945. Setara Press.
Babin, B. J., Hair, J. F., &Boles, J. S. (2008). PublishingResearch in MarketingJournalsUsingStructuralEquation Modeling. JournalofMarketingTheoryandPractice, 16(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679160401
Balvanes, M., &Caputi, P. (2001). Introduction to QuantitativeResearchMethods. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Barczak, M. (2001). Representation By Consultation? The RiseofDirectDemocracy in Latin America. Latin American PoliticsandSociety, 43(3), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2001.tb00178.x
Beath, A., Christia, F., &Enikolopov, R. (2017). Directdemocracyandresourceallocation: Experimentalevidencefrom Afghanistan. Journalof Development Economics, 124, 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.10.001
Bollinger, L. C. (1976). FreedomofthePressandPublic Access: Toward a TheoryofPartialRegulationoftheMass Media. Michigan Law Review, 75(1), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/1287849
Buček, J., & Smith, B. (2000). New Approaches to LocalDemocracy: DirectDemocracy, Participationandthe ‘ThirdSector’. EnvironmentandPlanning C: GovernmentandPolicy, 18(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1068/c9950
Chang, W.-C. (2012). Eastern ReligionsandAttitudetowardDirectDemocracy in Taiwan. PoliticsandReligion, 5(3), 555–583. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048312000302
Chowdhury, S. K. (2004). The effectofdemocracyandpressfreedom on corruption: An empiricaltest. EconomicsLetters, 85(1), 93–101.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, andMixedMethodsApproaches. In ProceedingsoftheAnnualConferenceofthe International SpeechCommunicationAssociation, INTERSPEECH. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Djahiri, A. K. (1985). Strategi Pengajaran Afektif-Nilai-Moral VCT dan Games dalam VCT. Jurusan PMPKN IKIP Bandung.
Djamba, Y. K., &Neuman, W. L. (2002). Social ResearchMethods: QualitativeandQuantitativeApproaches. In TeachingSociology (7th ed., Vol. 30, Issue 3). Pearson. https://doi.org/10.2307/3211488
Dreisbach, C. (2016). The NatureofConstitutionalLiteracy. In C. Dreisbach (Ed.), ConstitutionalLiteracy: A Twenty-First Century Imperative (pp. 9–41). PalgraveMacmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56799-4_2
Fadjar, A. M. (2009, November 26). Peranan Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Membangun Kesadaran Berkonstitusi. Seminar Nasional “Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan: Membangun Kesadaran berkonstitusi Bagi Guru Mata Pelajaran PPKN Sekolah Dasar Se Kota Malang, Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang.
Flavin, P., &Montgomery, F. (2020). Freedomofthepressandperceptionsaboutgovernmentcorruption. International PoliticalScienceReview, 41(4), 554–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512119858469
Fombad, C. M. (2018). Constitutionalliteracy in Africa: Challengesandprospects. Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 44(3), 492–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050718.2019.1634611
Friedman, S. (2011). Whosefreedom? SouthAfrica’spress, middle-class bias andthethreatofcontrol. Ecquid Novi: AfricanJournalismStudies, 32(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2011.578887
Greenwood, R. M. (2008). IntersectionalPoliticalConsciousness: AppreciationforIntragroupDifferencesandSolidarity in DiverseGroups. PsychologyofWomenQuarterly, 32(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00405.x
Greenwood, R. M., & Christian, A. (2008). Whathappenswhenweunpacktheinvisibleknapsack? Intersectionalpoliticalconsciousnessandinter-groupappraisals. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 404–417.
Guseva, M., Nakaa, M., Pekkala, K., Souberou, B., &Stouli, S. (2008). Pressfreedomanddevelopment. UNESCO Paris.
Hair J.F., Black W.C, Babin B.J, Anderson R.E., &Tatham R.L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis 6th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hart, M. (2012). PublicConstitutionalLiteracy: A Conversation. Denver University Law Review, 90(4), 825.
Himelboim, I., &Limor, Y. (2008). Media perceptionoffreedomofthepress: A comparativeinternationalanalysisof 242 codesofethics. Journalism, 9(3), 235–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884907089007
Horváth, S. (2018). Politicalliteracy in classicaldemocracy: A theoreticalperspective. ECPR General ConferenceHamburg.
Hundley, M., &Wamsley, G. (2012). ConstitutionalLiteracyandthePublic Service. AdministrativeTheory&Praxis, 34(4), 642–647. https://doi.org/10.2753/ATP1084-1806340410
Kaminchenko, D. I. (2014). «NEW» MEDIA AND SOME PECULIARITIES OF POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS. PermUniversityHerald. PoliticalScience/VestnikPermskogoUniversiteta. Politologia, 2, 76–85.
Kathard, H., &Pillay, M. (2013). Promotingchangethroughpoliticalconsciousness: A SouthAfricanspeech-languagepathologyresponse to the World Report on Disability. International JournalofSpeech-LanguagePathology, 15(1), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2012.757803
Leemann, L., &Wasserfallen, F. (2016). The DemocraticEffectofDirectDemocracy. American PoliticalScienceReview, 110(4), 750–762. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000307
Maduz, L. (2010). DirectDemocracy. LivingReviews in Democracy, 2, 1–14.
Massaro, T. M. (1993). ConstitutionalLiteracy; A CoreCurriculumfor a MulticulturalNation. London: Duke UniversityPress.
Nasution, A. H. (2019). The RightofPrivacyandFreedomofthePress: The Conceptof Legal Justice in Indonesia. Hasanuddin Law Review, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v5i1.1195
Oscarsson, H. (2011). ReexaminingtheRelationshipBetweenPressFreedomandCorruption. QoGWorking Paper Series, 13. https://core.ac.uk/reader/43558940
Pintak, L., & Setiyono, B. (2011). The Missionof Indonesian Journalism: BalancingDemocracy, Development, and Islamic Values. The International JournalofPress/Politics, 16(2), 185–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161210391784
Rulska-Kuthy, A. M. (2014). PoliticalConsciousness. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), EncyclopediaofQualityof Life andWell-BeingResearch (pp. 4865–4868). SpringerNetherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2193
Serdült, U., &Welp, Y. (2012). Directdemocracyupsidedown. Taiwan JournalofDemocracy, 8(1), 69–92.
Shneiderman, S. B. (2009). The formationofpoliticalconsciousness in rural Nepal. DialecticalAnthropology, 33(3), 287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-009-9129-2
Solum, L. B. (2021). The PublicMeaningThesis: An OriginalistTheoryofConstitutionalMeaning. Boston University Law Review, 101, 1953.
Sugiyono. (2009). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan: (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D). Alfabeta.
Suseno, F. M. (1985). Etika Umum. Kanisius.
Suseno, F. M. (2001). Etika Politik, Prinsip-Prinsip Moral Dasar Kenegaraan Modern. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Toharia, J. J. (2011). Exploring Legal Culture. Law, Society, andHistory, 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511921629.007
Tolbert, C. J., McNeal, R. S., & Smith, D. A. (2003). EnhancingCivicEngagement: The EffectofDirectDemocracy on PoliticalParticipationandKnowledge. State Politics&PolicyQuarterly, 3(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000300300102
Wijanto, S. (2008). StructuralEquationModelling (SEM) dengan Lisrel 8.8. Konsep dan Tutorial. Graha Ilmu.
Winataputra, Udin S dan Budimansyah, Dasim. (2000). CivicEducation: Konteks, Landasan, Bahan Ajar dan Kultur Kelas. Program Studi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan SPs UPI Bandung.
Xiansheng, Y. (1987). The QuestionoftheCitizenry’sAwarenessoftheConstitution. Chinese Law &Government, 20(2), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.2753/CLG0009-4609200250
Yuk, J. (2019). Cultural censorship in defective democracy: The South Korean blacklist case. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 25(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2018.1557644