ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION OF CASTE STEREOTYPES IN PUNJABI LANGUAGE IN EVERYDAY USE: A CASE STUDY OF FAISALABAD

Abstract

This ethnographic research from November 2021 to April 2022 examined the interaction between caste and language use in spoken Punjabi in Faisalabad, Pakistan. The objective was to comprehend how language mirrors and strengthens established caste systems, hence contributing to the formation of social identities and sustaining social disparities. The research used real-world data collecting methods including participant observation, focus groups, and semi-structured interviews, drawing on Social Identity Theory proposed by Tajfel and Turner (1986) and Bourdieu's Theory (1991) of Practice. Theoretical perspectives include Social Identity Theory, which posits that language builds social identities, and Bourdieu's Theory of Practice, which suggests that language functions as symbolic capital. The thematic analysis of data uncovered how language is used to create and reinforce caste-based social identities, demonstrate power imbalances, and maintain social inequalities. The research showed that people use language to establish their social identities based on caste connections, express authority, and sustain social disparities. The results provided valuable insights into the correlation between language choices and caste affiliations Based on the results, those from lower castes may experience linguistic marginalization, while those from upper castes use language to preserve their privileged status. Ultimately, this study highlighted the need of critically examining and intervening to dismantle these deeply ingrained social hierarchies and the symbolic capital of language in perpetuating caste-based inequality.  This research revealed how language contributes to the persistence of caste-based inequalities, and provide insights for interventions that demolish caste hierarchies and promote fair communication practices in Faisalabad. This research expands our knowledge of caste and linguistic power dynamics. Knowledge may be utilized to confront inequities and achieve linguistics justice and equality in Faisalabad.