THE REVIVAL OF PATERNALISM IN SHIA OF IRAQ POST-2003: AL-SISTANI AND THE FORMATION OF DEMOCRACY
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Abstract
After the fall of the dictatorship in 2003, Iraq experienced a revival of paternalism. This paper aims to investigate the re-emergence of paternity among Shiites in Iraq, focusing on the role of Al-Sistani in shaping the democratic system and his complex relationship with the USA. The study utilized a retrodictive research strategy to uncover the three overlapping domains of the paternal phenomenon: real, actual, and empirical. Data was collected through observations, statements issued by Al-Sistani's office, election results, and published sources. The study found that Iraqi Shiites viewed liberty as a means of seeking a paternal figure to emulate. The real mechanisms driving this phenomenon were culture, theology, the ayatollahs, and the system of Taqlid. Actual events such as demonstrations, elections, and the constitutional referendum resulted in the formation of a hybrid democratic system that blended liberalism and religious paternalism. Sistani's paternalism played a critical role in establishing the constitution and democratic government by making decisions on behalf of society. The study suggests that the establishment of a new democratic system in a traditional society requires the paternalism of the UN since the society may not yet be capable of governing itself.
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