LEARNING ORGANIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES): EMPIRICALLY ANALYZING THE MODERATING ROLE OF LEADERSHIP
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study aims at the role of learning organizations, as it has emerged as essential tool towards acquiring organizational performance. As small and medium enterprise is an emerging sector in Pakistan, thus the study examines the effect of Learning Organization on SMEs’ performance, by employing leadership role as moderator, in the contemporary world of rapid economic development. Being cross sectional in nature, the data were collected from the SMEs related to the industry of Information Technology. The study adapted questionnaire for data collection from the respondents to gauge their input. For Econometric Analysis and empirical investigation, we collected data from 282 employees working in SMEs of Information Technology (IT). Analysis show that learning organization is significant for inclusive performance in large corporations and small business enterprises. Six proposed hypotheses were tested, and moderation analysis was employed to examine the relationship. Statistical techniques were employed, and findings reveal that; there exists not only a significant and positive impact of Learning Organization on performance of SMEs but also, each dimension of Learning Organization shows significant contribution towards the performance of SMEs. The dimension of ‘shared vision’ is found having higher values. Findings depict that leadership is not significantly moderating the nexus of Learning Organization and SMEs’ performance. As it is one of its unique studies conducted in Pakistani culture, where we tested the associations. The study presents theoretical foundations for future researchers and practical implications for the managers of Small and Medium Enterprises.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abualoush, S., Masa’deh, R., Bataineh, K., & Alrowwad, A. (2018). The role of knowledge management process and intellectual capital as intermediary variables between knowledge management infrastructure and organization performance. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 13, 279–309.
Adler, P. S. (1990). Shared learning. Management Science, 36(8), 938–957.
Adler, P. S., & Clark, K. B. (1991). Behind the learning curve: A sketch of the learning process. Management Science, 37(3), 267–281.
Ahmed, I., Shahzad, A., Umar, M., & Khilji, B. A. (2010). Information technology and SMEs in Pakistan. International Business Research, 3(4), 237.
Akhmat, G., & Zaman, K. (2013). Nuclear energy consumption, commercial energy consumption and economic growth in South Asia: Bootstrap panel causality test. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 552–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.019
Akhtar, N. (2009). The relationship of organizational learning and competitive advantage: A case study of petroleum companies of Pakistan. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES ISLAMABAD.
Akhtar, S., Raees, R., & Salaria, M. R. (2011). The impact of firm, location and ownership specific factors on foreign market performance of Pakistani SMEs. International Conference on Technology and Business Management,(March, 28–30.
Al-dalahmeh, M., Khalaf, R., & Obeidat, B. (2018). The effect of employee engagement on organizational performance via the mediating role of job satisfaction: The case of IT employees in Jordanian banking sector. Modern Applied Science, 12(6), 17–43.
Ali, A., & others. (2018). State of Growth Barriers of SMEs in Pakistan: A Review based on Empirical and Theoretical Models. NICE Research Journal, 158–182.
Alkhathlan, K., & Javid, M. (2013). Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in saudi arabia: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1525–1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.068
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Anwar, M. (2018). Business model innovation and SMEs performance—does competitive advantage mediate? International Journal of Innovation Management, 22(07), 1850057.
Arshad, M., & Arshad, D. (2019). Internal capabilities and SMEs performance: A case of textile industry in Pakistan. Management Science Letters, 9(4), 621–628.
Ashal, N. M., Obeidat, B. Y., & Alhmoud, H. (2019). Theoretical Study on the Impact of Strategic Orientation on Organizational Performance: Examining the Mediating Role of Learning Culture in Jordanian Telecommunication Companies. Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS), 8, 24–40.
Aziz, K., Hasnain, S. S. U., Awais, M., Shahzadi, I., & Afzal, M. M. (2017). The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on SME Performance in Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS), 1(8), 107–112.
Bartz, D. E., & Kritsonis, W. A. (2019). Strategies for Organization Members Mastering Learning Concepts and Processes for Enhancement of Skills and Competencies. Strategies, 21(1).
Beheshti, H. M. (2004). The impact of IT on SMEs in the United States. Information Management & Computer Security, 12(4), 318–327.
Bildirici, E. M., & Bakirtas, T. (2016). The relationship among oil and coal consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth in BRICTS countries. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 8(4), 045903. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4955090
Birkinshaw, J., & Gibson, C. B. (2004). Building an ambidextrous organisation. Advanced Institute of Management Research Paper, (003).
Cameron, K. (2011). Responsible leadership as virtuous leadership. In Responsible Leadership (pp. 25–35). Springer.
Chang, Y.-Y., & Hughes, M. (2012). Drivers of innovation ambidexterity in small-to medium-sized firms. European Management Journal, 30(1), 1–17.
Chiang, M.-H. (2018). The Changing Role of SMEs in Taiwan’s and South Korea’s Economies. In Post-Industrial Development in East Asia (pp. 49–70). Springer.
Dar, M. S., Ahmed, S., & Raziq, A. (2017). Small and medium-size enterprises in Pakistan: Definition and critical issues. Pakistan Business Review, 19(1), 46–70.
Dasanayaka, S., Sardana, D. G., & others. (2015). Development of Small and Medium Enterprises through Clusters and Networking: A Comparative Study of India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3(2), 84–108.
Dimovski, V., & Škerlavaj, M. (2005). Performance effects of organizational learning in a transitional economy. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 3(4), 56–67.
Fairholm, M. R. (2004). Different perspectives on the practice of leadership. Public Administration Review, 64(5), 577–590.
Figueiredo, M. A. T. (2003). Adaptive sparseness for supervised learning. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 25(9), 1150–1159.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (2006). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Gabrielsson, J., Huse, M., & Minichilli, A. (2007). Understanding the leadership role of the board chairperson through a team production approach. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 3(1), 21–39.
Garvin, D. A., Edmondson, A. C., & Gino, F. (2008). Is yours a learning organization? Harvard Business Review, 86(3), 109.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. Y. A., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Edition). A Global Perspective. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Higgins, M., Ishimaru, A., Holcombe, R., & Fowler, A. (2012). Examining organizational learning in schools: The role of psychological safety, experimentation, and leadership that reinforces learning. Journal of Educational Change, 13(1), 67–94.
Hilmi, M. F., Ramayah, T., Mustapha, Y., & Pawanchik, S. (2010). Product and process innovativeness: Evidence from Malaysian SMEs. European Journal of Social Science, 16(4), 556–565.
Hyder, S., & Lussier, R. N. (2016). Why businesses succeed or fail: a study on small businesses in Pakistan. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 8(1), 82–100.
Haroon, M., & Zia-ur-Rehman, M. (2010). E-recruitment: Across the small and large firms in Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(1), 179-191.
Jones, G. R., George, J. M., & Hill, C. W. L. (2000). Contemporary management. Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
Judge Jr, W. Q., & Zeithaml, C. P. (1992). Institutional and strategic choice perspectives on board involvement in the strategic decision process. Academy of Management Journal, 35(4), 766–794.
Jones, C. (2007). Creating the reasonable adventurer: the co‐evolution of student and learning environment. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development.
Khalique, M., Isa, A. H. B. M., Shaari, N., & Abdul, J. (2011). Challenges for Pakistani SMEs in a knowledge-based economy.
Khunsoonthornkit, A., & Panjakajornsak, V. (2018). Structural equation model to assess the impact of learning organization and commitment on the performance of research organizations. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(3), 457–462.
Khurrum S. Bhutta, M., Rana, A. I., & Asad, U. (2008). Owner characteristics and health of SMEs in Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(1), 130–149.
Kontoghiorghes, C., Awbrey, S. M., & Feurig, P. L. (2005). Characteristics and Change Adaptation, Innovation and Organizational Performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(2), 165–211.
Khan, Z., & ur Rehman, Z. (2018). HOW INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL ENHANCES ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE? ANALYZING THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BUSINESS & ECONOMICS (ICCIBE), 522.
Lam, A., & others. (1998). Tacit knowledge, organisational learning and innovation: a societal perspective (Vol. 98). DRUID.
Lean, H. H., & Smyth, R. (2010). CO2 emissions, electricity consumption and output in ASEAN. Applied Energy, 87(6), 1858–1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.02.003
Lei, D., Slocum, J. W., & Pitts, R. A. (1999). Designing organizations for competitive advantage: the power of unlearning and learning. Organizational Dynamics, 27(3), 24–38.
Lotfalipour, M. R., Falahi, M. A., & Ashena, M. (2010). Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and fossil fuels consumption in Iran. Energy, 35(12), 5115–5120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.08.004
Mababu, R. M., & Revilla, R. G. (n.d.). DETERMINANTS OF LEARNING ORGANIZATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION.
Malik, P., & Garg, P. (2017). The relationship between learning culture, inquiry and dialogue, knowledge sharing structure and affective commitment to change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 30(4), 610–631.
Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (1996). Adult educators and the challenge of the learning organization. Adult Learning, 7(4), 18–20.
Matzler, K., Schwarz, E., Deutinger, N., & Harms, R. (2008). The relationship between transformational leadership, product innovation and performancein SMEs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 21(2), 139–151.
McGill, M. E., & Slocum Jr, J. W. (1993). Unlearning the organization. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 67–79.
McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in Education: Evidence-Based Inquiry, MyEducationLab Series. Pearson.
Muhammad, Z. U. R., Zekeriya, N. A. S., & KHAN, M. E. (2019, April). ANALYZING THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN INNOVATION MANAGEMENT AND TEAMWORK. In INTERNATIONAL ASIAN CONGRESS on CONTEMPORARY SCIENCES (p. 148).
Muhammad, Z. U. R., Zekeriya, N. A. S., & KHAN, M. E. (2019, April). ANALYZING THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN INNOVATION MANAGEMENT AND TEAMWORK. In INTERNATIONAL ASIAN CONGRESS on CONTEMPORARY SCIENCES (p. 148).
Murphy, P. J., & Coye, R. W. (2013). Mutiny and its bounty: Leadership lessons from the age of discovery. Yale University Press.
Murphy, P. J., Liao, J., & Welsch, H. P. (2006). A conceptual history of entrepreneurial thought. Journal of management history.
O’Brien, J. A. (1998). Management information systems: Managing information technology in the networked enterprise. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Ohler, A., & Fetters, I. (2014). The causal relationship between renewable electricity generation and GDP growth: A study of energy sources. Energy Economics, 43(C), 125–139.
Pareek, U. (2002). Training Instruments in HRD and OD (pp. 477-487). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
Pisano, G. P., Bohmer, R. M. J., & Edmondson, A. C. (2001). Organizational differences in rates of learning: Evidence from the adoption of minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Management Science, 47(6), 752–768.
Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy. Published November.
Prelipcean, G. (2016). Universities as learning organizations in the knowledge economy.
Rashid, J., Adnan, S. M., Nisar, M. W., Irtaza, A., Arafat, S. Y., & Iqbal, M. J. (2018). Advertiser’s perception of Internet marketing for small and medium enterprises in Pakistan. 2018 International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (ICoMET), 1–7.
Raza, S., Minai, M. S., Zain, A. Y. M., Tariq, T. A., & Khuwaja, F. M. (2018). DISSECTION OF SMALL BUSINESSES IN PAKISTAN: ISSUES AND DIRECTIONS. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(4).
Saboori, B., & Sulaiman, J. (2013). Environmental degradation, economic growth and energy consumption: Evidence of the environmental Kuznets curve in Malaysia. Energy Policy, 60, 892–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.099
Sam, M., Fazli, M., Tahir, M. N. H., & Abu Bakar, K. (2012). Owner-managers of SMEs in it sector: leadership and company performance.
Sayed, S. S. S. A., & Edgar, D. (2019). The role of leadership competencies in supporting the Al Nahda University for becoming a learning organization: a new qualitative framework of the DLOQ. International Journal of Business Administration, 10(2).
Senge, P. (1990). Peter Senge and the learning organization. Rcuperado De.
Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G., Smith, B., & Guman, E. C. (1999). The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations. Performance Improvement, 38(5), 55–58.
Senge, P. M. (2006). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Currency Doubleday.
Shafiei, A., & Fard, A. N. (2015). Investigating the effect of management skills on the level of strategic thinking of the managers of Kashan Municipality.
Shah, M. H., Othman, A. R. B., & Mansor, M. N. bin. (2016). Moderating Role of Environmental Turbulence on the Relationship between Innovative Practice, Mentoring. Social Capital and Small Business Performance. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(8), 202–219.
Sharma, G. D., Aryan, R., Singh, S., & Kaur, T. (2019). A systematic review of literature about leadership and organization. Research Journal of Business Management, 13, 1–14.
Simonin, B. L. (1997). The importance of collaborative know-how: An empirical test of the learning organization. Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1150–1174.
Steffens, N. K., Yang, J., Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., & Lipponen, J. (2018). The unfolding impact of leader identity entrepreneurship on burnout, work engagement, and turnover intentions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 373.
Stella, A. (2012). Organizational learning, innovation and small and medium enterprise (SME) performance in Uganda. Unpublished Master Dissertation). Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
Stoll, L., & Kools, M. (2017). The school as a learning organisation: a review revisiting and extending a timely concept. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 2(1), 2–17.
Tomal, D. R., & Jones, K. J. (2015). A comparison of core competencies of women and men leaders in the manufacturing industry. The Coastal Business Journal, 14(1), 13.
Uhl-Bien, M., & Arena, M. (2018). Leadership for organizational adaptability: A theoretical synthesis and integrative framework. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 89–104.
Vits, J., & Gelders, L. (2002). Performance improvement theory. International Journal of Production Economics, 77(3), 285–298.
Vlado, D. (1994). Organizational learning and competitive advantage: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Published PhD Thesis, University of Cleveland, Cleveland.
Voegtlin, C. (2011). Development of a scale measuring discursive responsible leadership. In Responsible Leadership (pp. 57–73). Springer.
Von Stamm, B. (2009). Leadership for innovation: what you can do to create a culture conducive to innovation. Strategic Direction, 25(6), 13–15.
Yuan, J. H., Kang, J. G., Zhao, C. H., & Hu, Z. G. (2008). Energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from China at both aggregated and disaggregated levels. Energy Economics, 30(6), 3077–3094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.03.007
Zafar, A., & Mustafa, S. (2017). SMEs and its role in economic and socio-economic development of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6(4).
Zehir, C., Can, E., & Karaboga, T. (2015). Linking entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: the role of differentiation strategy and innovation performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210, 358–367.
Ziramba, E. (2009). Disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in South Africa. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2214–2220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.048
Argyris, C., & Schön, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Addison-Wesley.
Garvin, D. A. (1993). Building a learning organization. Harvard Business Review, 71(4), 78-91.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37.
Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday.
Senge, P. M., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R. B., & Smith, B. J. (1994). The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization. Crown Business.
Liao, S. H., & Chuang, S. H. (2007). A knowledge management system for the learning organization. Expert Systems with Applications, 32(1), 195-208.
Marquardt, M. J. (1996). Building the learning organization: Mastering the five elements for corporate learning. Davies-Black Publishing.
Mikkelsen, A., & Aase, T. H. (2017). The influence of learning organizations on employee commitment: An empirical study. Journal of Workplace Learning, 29(7/8), 485-497.
Raelin, J. A. (2008). Work-based learning: Bridging knowledge and action in the workplace. John Wiley & Sons.
Schein, E. H. (1993). On dialogue, culture, and organizational learning. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 40-51.
Smith, M. K. (2001). Peter Senge and the learning organization. The encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved from https://infed.org/mobi/peter-senge-and-the-learning-organization/
Stata, R. (1989). Organizational learning: The key to management innovation. Sloan Management Review, 30(3), 63-74.
Tsai, Y. H., & Huang, C. C. (2008). The relationship among the learning organization, organizational culture, and performance in Taiwan's banking industry. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9), 1649-1665.
Varela, F. J., & Kausch, R. (1991). Principles of biological autonomy. Elsevier.
Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1993). Sculpting the learning organization: Lessons in the art and science of systemic change. Jossey-Bass.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press.
Yukl, G. A. (2002). Leadership in organizations. Prentice Hall.
Zarraga, C. A., & Bonache, J. (2003). The relationship between training and firm performance: A methodological approach. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(6), 956-980.
Zhang, Y., & Xiao, Q. (2017). A study on the impact of learning organization on organizational innovation and performance: Based on the survey data of Zhejiang province, China. Journal of Business and Management, 5(1), 1-7.
Al-Mudimigh, A. S. (2019). Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Challenges and solutions. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(3), 439-455.
Anwar, S., Siddiqui, J., & Rehman, C. A. (2021). Success factors for small and medium enterprises: A systematic review. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(3), 343-369.
Arreola-Risa, A. (2017). Small and medium-sized enterprises, innovation, and regional development in Mexico. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(4), 784-798.
Barakat, S., & Syed, J. (2019). Strategic human resource management and small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(4), 522-543.
Batiz-Lazo, B., Blanco Mendialdua, A., & Urionabarrenetxea, S. (2019). Small and medium-sized enterprises and digital technology: The evolution of practices and organizational routines. The Journal of Business Research, 96, 259-269.
Blackburn, R. A., & Schaper, M. T. (2012). Government, small business and entrepreneurship development: Policy, practice and challenges. Routledge.
Boso, N., Story, V. M., & Cadogan, J. W. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, network ties, and performance: Study of entrepreneurial firms in a developing economy. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(6), 708-727.
Coughlan, J., & Coghlan, D. (2019). Reflections on developing and managing a small enterprise research agenda: Three decades of advancing theory and practice. International Small Business Journal, 37(3), 189-202.
Demirel, P., & Keser, E. (2021). The effect of external and internal determinants on small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) capital structure. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(2), 226-250.
Ehsan, F., & Nazir, S. (2019). The relationship between innovation and firm performance in the small and medium enterprises sector of Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(7), 1028-1052.
Hsiao, Y. C., Chang, S. H., & Huang, C. Y. (2013). Relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment in small-and medium-sized enterprises. Asian Social Science, 9(5), 215-224.
Kehoe, R. R., & Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees' attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 39(2), 366-391.
Kim, M., & Aldrich, H. E. (2005). Social capital and entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 55-104.
Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. A. (2017). Blue ocean strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. Harvard Business Review Press.
Al-Hawari, M., & Ward, T. (2006). The relationship between leadership and management: Instructional approaches and its correlates. Education + Training, 48(5), 348-360.
Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315-338.
Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 19-31.
Bryman, A. (1992). Charisma and leadership in organizations. Sage.
Carless, S. A., & De Paola, C. (2000). The measurement of cohesion in work teams. Small Group Research, 31(1), 71-88.
Chaston, I., & Mangles, T. (2003). Relationship marketing in the small business context. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 21(4), 230-238.
Cho, Y. J., & Lee, J. Y. (2018). Small and medium-sized enterprises in the Korean economy: Policy issues and new growth drivers. Journal of Korean Economic Analysis, 24(1), 1-38.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Sage Publications.
Dyer, L., & Reeves, T. (1995). Human resource strategies and small firms. Sage Publications.
Gao, Y., Greenberg, R., & Wong-On-Wing, B. (2015). The relationship between transformational leadership and organizational innovation: The mediating effect of knowledge management. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), 1292-1301.
Goffee, R., & Jones, G. (2000). Why should anyone be led by you? Harvard Business Review, 78(5), 63-70.
Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1992). The ethics of charismatic leadership: Submission or liberation? The Academy of Management Executive, 6(2), 43-54.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2007). The leadership challenge. John Wiley & Sons.
Lee, S. H., & Park, Y. K. (2005). Study of the relationship between transformational leadership and team performance in software development. Journal of Systems and Software, 73(1), 25-32.
Man, T. W., Lau, T., & Chan, K. F. (2002). The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises: A conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(2), 123-142.
Mcdowall, A., Saunders, M. N., & Scholarios, D. (2017). Human resource management, learning and knowledge sharing in professional service firms: A review of the literature. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(4), 633-673.
Morgan, N. A., Vorhies, D. W., & Mason, C. H. (2009). Market orientation, marketing capabilities, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(8), 909-920.
Goh, S. C., & Richards, G. (2019). Factors influencing the implementation of a learning organization in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(4), 1583-1601. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12414
Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday.
Burke, R. J., & Cooper, C. L. (2004). The learning organization in the small business context: Development and validation of a scale. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2004.00097.x
Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1993). Sculpting the learning organization: Lessons in the art and science of systemic change. Jossey-Bass.
Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J., & Boydell, T. (1991). The learning company: A strategy for sustainable development. McGraw-Hill.
Özcan, M. F., & Şen, H. C. (2017). Learning organizations in small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review. Journal of Workplace Learning, 29(5), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-05-2016-0037