EMPOWERING FACTORS OF ISLAMOPHOBIA IN THE WEST AND ITS MULTIDIMENSIONAL EFFECTS ON MUSLIM DIASPORA: CRITICAL AND FUTURISTIC STUDY AND ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN PUBLIC POLICY MAKING
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article centers on the assessment of bias against Islam and Muslim people group settlers in the Western world. The writing contained clarifies the counter-Muslim bias at the state level by numerous elements. Furthermore, this article directs a verifiable, expressive, and basic investigation of Islamophobic beginning, outlines, empowering factors, and dispersal procedures, alongside its effect on the Muslim people group living in the Western world. Besides, the purposes for the Islamophobic culture have likewise been referenced and clarified. Also, this examination tremendously clarifies the effect of pandemic-COVID 19 on the spreading of Islam and Muslim scorn among Western individuals. Accentuations have likewise been laid upon the systems which ought to be taken on to counter-assault the idea of Muslims as "Others" in the Western world. The inventive pretended by the Muslim chiefs and the Islamic world is likewise examined which can add to battle the biased mentality about Islam and its devotees. In particular, discoveries have proposed that from the point of view of the verifiable significance of Islamophobia, the primary driver behind it is that the Western world is uninformed of the fundamental lessons and reason for Islam. They have extremely restricted or perhaps no information about Muslims. This factor is contributing significantly to raising contempt among the West and Muslims. Because of this, Muslims are confronting deplorable conditions there in the West, in regard to their expectations for everyday comforts, work, training, or even their social connections being profoundly compromised. Muslims have been named there as "Second rate", and "Fear mongers" in light of their actual clothing i.e., men with stubbles and ladies with hijab. This load of one-sided ideas can be annihilated if the Muslim world joins together and find strong ways to spread the genuine message of Islam as a religion of harmony, concordance, equity, and uniformity. A few stages can be used for this reason including web-based media, refining writing, and teaching individuals, through discourses at general stages as the UN get together.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
"Statement by the Prime Minister of Pakistan H.E. Imran Khan to the Seventy-fifth Session of the UN General Assembly (25 September 2020)." Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Accessed October 07, 2020. http://mofa.gov.pk/statement-by-the-prime-minister-of-pakistan-h-e-imran-khan-to-the-seventy-fifth-session-of-the-un-general-assembly-25-september-2020/#.
Abbas, Tahir. "Islamophobia as the hidden hand of structural and cultural racism."
Abbas, Tahir. Islamophobia and Radicalization: A Vicious Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2019.
Abdelkader, Engy. "When Islamophobia turns violent: The 2016 US presidential elections." The Bridge Initiative, Georgetown University (2016).
Aguilera-Carnerero, Carmen, and Abdul Halik Azeez. "‘Islamonausea, not Islamophobia’: The many faces of cyber hate speech." Journal of Arab & Muslim media research 9, no. 1 (2016): 21-40.
Ali, Saira, and Umi Khattab. "East–west trans-mediatization of terrorism and Islamophobia: Sydney siege and Peshawar massacre." International Communication Gazette 79, no. 8 (2017): 722-745.
Alkhammash, Reem. "ISLAMOPHOBIA IN THE UK PRINT MEDIA: AN INTERSECTIONAL CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS."
Al-Sardia, Ali. "The Manufacture of Islamophobia in America."
Araújo, Marta. "Dominant Islamophobic Narratives-Portugal." CIK: Working Paper 5 5 (2017).
Ayers, Jessica, Diego Guevara Beltran, Joe Alcock, Cristina Baciu, Scott Claessens, Lee Cronk, Nicole Hudson, et al. "How is the COVID-19 pandemic affecting cooperation?." (2020).
Azhari, Naheed. "Islamophobic expressions on Facebook: a critical disclosure analysis on discriminatory discourses following terror attacks in San Bernardino, Brussels, and Orlando." Master's thesis, Kuala Lumpur: Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 2019, 2019.
Barrios Pérez-Coca, Isabel. "Muslims in the UK: the government's role in the rise of Islamophobia." (2018).
Belliappa, Jyothsna Latha, and Srijan Sandip Mandal. "The Value of the Social Sciences in Online Design Education in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic."
Berntzen, Lars Erik, Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, Magdalena van Ees, and Louie Dean Garcia. "The origins of the concept of Islamophobia."
Bertran, Lurdes Vidal. "Islamophobia, Security Narratives and Countering Violent Extremism: Dangerous Liaisons."
Beshara, Robert K. "A critical discourse analysis of George W. Bush’s ‘War on Terror’speech: the rhetoric of (counter) terrorism and the logic of Islamophobia." Journal of Language and Discrimination 2, no. 1 (2018): 85-112.
Betz, Hans-Georg. "Populism and islamophobia." In Political Populism, pp. 373-390. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017.
Beydoun, Khaled A. "Islamophobia: Toward a legal definition and framework." Colum. L. Rev. Online 116 (2016): 108.
Beydoun, Khaled A. "Muslim bans and the (re) making of political islamophobia." U. Ill. L. Rev. (2017): 1733.
Beydoun, Khaled A., and Cyra Akila Choudhury. "Islamophobia and the Law: Introduction." Cyra Akila Choudhury & Khaled A. Beydoun, Islamophobia and the Law (Cambridge University Press 2019), Forthcoming (2019): 19-15.
Bila, Andrea. "Countering Islamophobia in France." In Countering Islamophobia in Europe, pp. 213-251. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019.
Boyer, Evan. "The Rise of Populism in 21st Century France: Normalizing Islamophobia." (2019).
Brandt, Stefan L. "Fear of an Islamic Planet? Intermedial Exchange and the Rhetoric of Islamophobia." European Journal of American Studies 15, no. 3 (2020).
Carvalho, Rui. "The need for creative actions in tourism in the Post-COVID 19 pandemic world."
Chehal, Dimple, Parul Gupta, and Payal Gulati. "COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: An emotional health perspective of Indians on Twitter." The International Journal of social psychiatry (2020).
Chehal, Dimple, Parul Gupta, and Payal Gulati. COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: An emotional health perspective of Indians on Twitter." International Journal of Social Psychiatry (2020): 0020764020940741.
Cheikh Husain, Sara. "Muslim Community Organizations’ Perceptions of Islamophobia: Towards an Informed Countering Response." Religions 11, no. 10 (2020): 485.
Coppola, Marianna, Senatore Immacolata, and Giuseppe Masullo. "Parents in Pandemic: parents’ Perceptions of Risks and Psychological, relational, and pedagogical needs in Childhood during the COVID-19 Emergency in Italy." (2020).
Couto, Naomi. "American Islamophobia: Understanding the Roots and Rise of Fear: by Khaled A. Beydoun, Oakland, University of California Press, 2018, xii+ 245 pp., $26.95/£ 21.00 (cloth)." (2020): 705-707.
Dorroll, Courtney M., ed. Teaching Islamic Studies in the Age of ISIS, Islamophobia, and the Internet. Indiana University Press, 2019.
Easat-Daas, Amina. Toward a Counter-Islamophobia Toolkit: Drawing on Best Practices in the European Union. The Carter Center, 2018.
Eckert, Stine, Jade Metzger-Riftkin, Sean Kolhoff, and Sydney O’Shay-Wallace. "A hyper differential counter public: Muslim social media users and Islamophobia during the 2016 US presidential election." New Media & Society (2019): 1461444819892283.
El Zahed, Sahar Youssef. "Internalized Islamophobia: The Discursive Construction of “Islam” and “Observant Muslims” in the Egyptian Public Discourse." Ph.D.., UCLA, 2019.
Elliott, Heather, and Corinne Squire. "Narratives across media as ways of knowing." In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, vol. 18, no. 1. 2017.
Enebakk, Vidar. "1001 pieces of Islamist Propaganda?." 1001 Distortions: 265.
Farah Elahi and Omar Khan, ed., “Islamophobia, Still a Challenge for Us All,” Runnymede Trust, November 2017, 7. https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/Islamophobia%20Report%202018%20FINAL.pdf
Farhadi, Adib. "The Faces of Islamophobia." In Countering Violent Extremism by Winning Hearts and Minds, pp. 82-112. Springer, Cham, 2020.
Farkas, Johan, and Christina Neumayer. "Mimicking News: How the credibility of an established tabloid is used when disseminating racism." Nordicom Review 41, no. 1 (2020): 1-17.
Ford, Chandra L. "Commentary: Addressing Inequities in the Era of COVID-19: The Pandemic and the Urgent Need for Critical Race Theory." Family & Community Health 43, no. 3 (2020): 184-186.
Gada, Mohd Yaseen. "An Analysis of Islamophobia and the Anti-Islam Discourse: Common Themes, Parallel Narratives, and Legitimate Apprehensions." The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 34, no. 4 (2017): 56-69.
García Nardiz, Rocío. "Islamophobia in France: the position of the Front National on the Charlie Hebdo and November 2015’s attacks in Paris." (2019).
George, Cherian. "Hate spin: The twin political strategies of religious incitement and offense-taking." Communication Theory 27, no. 2 (2017): 156-175.
Gorman, Cynthia S., and Karen Culcasi. "Invasion and colonization: Islamophobia and anti-refugee sentiment in West Virginia." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space (2020): 2399654420943897.
Green, Todd. "Islamophobia." In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. 2019.
Guimond, Amy Melissa. "Islamophobia and the Talking Heads." In Converting to Islam, pp. 47-68. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017.
Hafez, Farid. "Muslim Civil Society under Attack: The European Foundation for Democracy’s Role in Defaming and Delegitimizing Muslim Civil Society." In Islamophobia and Radicalization, pp. 117-137. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019.
Hamad, Abdulsalam. "Western Arabo-Islamophobia: Where and When Will It End?." International Journal of Islamic Thought 9 (2016): 1.
Hamdan, Lama. "Framing Islamophobia and Civil Liberties: American Political Discourse Post 9/11." (2019).
Herrchen, Neda Laura, and Marinus RR Ossewaarde. "Pride and Prejudice: The Proliferation of Nationalism and Islamophobia in the Context of the European Refugee Crisis." Public Governance across Borders (2016).
Horst, Karina. "Digital Islamophobia: The Swedish woman as a figure of pure and dangerous whiteness." New Media & Society 19, no. 9 (2017): 1440-1457.
Imran, Mashal. "The Immigrant Writes Back: Diasporic Fiction, Gendered Islamophobia, and Living as a Pakistani Muslim Woman in America." Ph.D.., Dartmouth College, 2019.
Iner, Derya, and Katy Nebhan. "Islamophobia from within A case study on Australian Muslim women." In Islamophobia in Muslim majority societies, pp. 199-215. Rutledge, 2019.
Inner, Derya. "Interweaving Islamophobia with Radicalism: Feeding the Radicals with the Anti-Halal Debate." In Islamophobia and Radicalization, pp. 73-95. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019.
Islam, Namira. "Soft Islamophobia." Religions 9, no. 9 (2018): 280.
Islamophobia: Definition of Islamophobia by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Islamophobia. (n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://www.lexico.com/definition/islamophobia
Ismail, Hanita Hanim, Arbaayah Ali Termizi, and Radzuwan Ab Rashid. "De-‘Moor’Tifying Shakespeare’s Othello: Iago as a Renaissance Form of Islamophobia." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 7 (2018).
Jackson, Leonie B. Islamophobia in Britain: The making of a Muslim enemy. Springer, 2017.
Jehan-Robert, Aude. "The rise of Islamophobia in Western Europe and the EU counter violent extremism policy responses."
Kevern, Peter, Ruth Gelehrter da Costa Lopes, Áurea Eleutério Barroso, Beltrina Côrte, and Carolina Lucena. "The Contribution of Church-Based Networks to Social Care in the Coronavirus Pandemic and Beyond: The Case of Pastoral da Pessoa Idosa in Brazil." Religions 11, no. 10 (2020): 486.
Khaled, Alaa Ali. "MUSLIM WOMEN NETWORKS: ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE [RE] PRODUCTION AND THE PREMISES OF EMPOWERMENT THROUGH TRANSMISSION AND DISSEMINATION." Ph.D.., 2020.
Kołodko, Grzegorz W. "After the Calamity: Economics and Politics in the Post-Pandemic World." Polish Sociological Review 210, no. 2 (2020): 137-156.
Krishnan, Kavita. "Covid-19 in India:'Relief work has been left to the people'." Green Left Weekly 1262 (2020): 1.
Laverick, Wendy, and Peter Joyce. "Islamophobia and the Social Cohesion Agenda." In Racial and Religious Hate Crime, pp. 177-246. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019.
Law, Ian, Amina Easat-Daas, and S. Sayyid. "Counter-Islamophobia Kit: Briefing Paper and Toolkit of Counter-Narratives to Islamophobia." (2018).
Lee, Pamela M. "Face Time, Pandemic Style." October (2020): 230-241.
McQueen, Fraser. "France’s ‘elites’, Islamophobia, and communities of friendship in Sabri Louatah’s Les Sauvages." Modern & Contemporary France 26, no. 1 (2018): 77-90.
Mescoli, Elsa. "Countering Islamophobia in Belgium." In Countering Islamophobia in Europe, pp. 253-287. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019.
Mohamad, Mohamad Zaidin, S. H. S. Omar, Muhamad Zaid Ismail, Sofyuddin Yusof, and Azli Fairuz Laki. "The Dissemination of Dakwah through the Instrument of Civilizational Dialogue and Wasatiyyah according to Nursi’s thought." International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 7, no. 10 (2017): 341-346.
Najib, Kawtar, and Peter Hopkins. "Where does Islamophobia take place and who is involved? Reflections from Paris and London." Social & Cultural Geography 21, no. 4 (2020): 458-478.
Opratko, Benjamin. "Islamophobia: The bigger picture." Historical Materialism 25, no. 1 (2017): 63-89.
Padovan, Dario, and Alfredo Alietti. "PREDICTING RACISM: ASociological PATTERN OF ANTI-SEMITISM AND ISLAMOPHOBIA."
Pavan, Annalisa. "Information and Dialogue in the Struggle against Islamophobia: The Jeddah Declaration for a Culture of Moderation." World 4, no. 2 (2017).
Pearson, Elizabeth, and Emily Winterbotham. "Women, gender and daesh radicalisation: A milieu approach." The RUSI Journal 162, no. 3 (2017): 60-72.
Perocco, Fabio. "Anti-migrant Islamophobia in Europe. Social roots, mechanisms, and actors." REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 26, no. 53 (2018): 25-40.
Peucker, Mario. "Islamophobia and Stigmatizing Discourses: A Driving Force for Muslim Active Citizenship?." In Islamophobia and Radicalization, pp. 245-264. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019.
Qureshi, Sajda. "Outrage and anger in a global pandemic: flipping the script on healthcare." (2020): 445-457.
Reed, Haley Haley Patricia. "Framing of immigrants and refugees: A content analysis of mainstream and partisan news coverage of immigration." Ph.D.., University of Missouri--Columbia, 2017.
Renton, James, and Ben Gidley, eds. Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia in Europe: a shared story? Springer, 2017.
Risman, Barbara J. "An Issue of Feminist Analysis: During a Global Pandemic." (2020): 545-546.
Rodríguez Maeso, Silvia. "Dominant Counter-Narratives to Islamophobia-Portugal." CIK: Working Paper 15 15 (2018).
Roose, Joshua M., and Bryan S. Turner. "Islamophobia, Science, and the Advocacy Concept." Society 56, no. 3 (2019): 210-221.
Rouse, Carolyn M. "It’s all free speech until someone dies in a pandemic." Anthropology Now 12, no. 1 (2020): 66-72.
Rowe, E. (2020). Reading Islamophobia in education policy through a lens of critical race theory: a study of the ‘funding freeze for private Islamic schools in Australia. Whiteness and Education, 5(1), 54-73.
Runnymede Trust, Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/islamophobia.pdf
Safdari, N. "The Sensationalization of the" Homophobic Muslim": Tracing the Roots of Islamophobia and Homophobia." (2019).
Schiller, Nina Glick. "Solidarities of the Dispossessed: Response to Julia Eckert in the Time of Pandemic."
Short, Sarah. "Religious Jurisprudence and Islamophobia, the United States, France, and Canada." (2018).
Stam, Valerie Monique. "It is not possible to be Dutch, Muslim, and Black:” Second-Generation Youths’ Everyday Practices of Resisting Racism and Islamophobia in the Netherlands." Ph.D.., Carleton University, 2019.
Sunar, Lütfi. "The long history of Islam as a collective “other” of the West and the rise of Islamophobia in the US after Trump." Insight Turkey 19, no. 3 (2017): 35-52.
The Runnymede Trust is a race equality think tank founded in 1968 by Jim Rose and Anthony Lester, with the aim of promoting a multi-ethnic Britain. In 1996, the Runnymede Trust established the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, chaired by Gordon Conway, the vice-chancellor of the
Tsimouris, Giorgos. "Islamophobia and radicalization: a vicious cycle: by Tahir Abbas, London, C. Hurst & Co, 2019, XXVIII+ 246 pp., 53.34$(hardcover), ISBN: 9781787382015." (2020): 1-3.
University of Sussex: https://www.runnymedetrust.org/about.html
Ushama, Thameem. "ISLAMOPHOBIA IN INDIA: AN EXPLORATION OF ITS ROOTS, RISE, AND HISTORY." Al-Shajarah: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC) 25, no. 1 (2020): 1-29.
Vidgen, Bertram. "Tweeting Islamophobia." Ph.D.., University of Oxford, 2019.
Vidra, Zsuzsanna. "Counter-Islamophobia Kit: Dominant Islamophobic Narratives-Hungary." (2017).
Vieten, Ulrike M. "The “New Normal” and “Pandemic Populism”: The COVID-19 Crisis and Anti-Hygienic Mobilization of the Far-Right." Social Sciences 9, no. 9 (2020): 165.
Watt, Diane Patricia. "Muslim female students confront Islamophobia: Negotiating identities in-between family, schooling, and the mass media." Journal of Family Diversity in Education 2, no. 1 (2016): 21-36.
Webb, Helena, Marina Jirotka, Bernd Carsten Stahl, William Housley, Adam Edwards, Matthew Williams, Rob Procter, Omer Rana, and Pete Burnap. "The ethical challenges of publishing Twitter data for research dissemination." In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Web Science Conference, pp. 339-348. 2017.
Yassine, Lobna, and Linda Briskman. "Islamophobia and social work collusion." Working Across Difference 55 (2019): 53-68.
Yilmaz, Ihsan. "Religio-Secular Counter-Hegemonic Legal Knowledge Production and Its Glocal Dissemination." Available at SSRN 3485400 (2019).
Yusuf, Imtiyaz. "Three Faces of the Rohingya Crisis: Religious Nationalism, Asian Islamophobia, and Delegitimizing Citizenship." Studia Islamika 25, no. 3 (2018): 503-542.
Zempi, Irene, and Imran Awan. Islamophobia: lived experiences of online and offline victimization. Policy Press, 2016.
Zeweri, Helena. "Beyond Response and Representation: Muslim Australian Women Reimagining Anti-Islamophobia Politics." Feminist Formations 32, no. 2 (2020): 111-135.