THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF LIVED PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPERIENCES WITH ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USERS IN FAISALABAD (PAKISTAN)

Main Article Content

SHAMMEM AKHTAR, ALI AKBAR SULTAN, ROBIN GHOSH

Abstract

Background; the Current study was conducted to assess the lived psychosocial experiences of women with using contraceptive. Contraceptive means adopting measure for birth control, although contraceptive implants are very effective in their functions but they have certain side effects. There are fears and side effects that bear some women from uptake and continued contraceptive use.1


METHOD; in depth twenty interview were conducted in Faisalabad at different places with females using contraceptives approved from government and private center by trained psychologist, interview recorded and transcribed, and thematic analysis carried out through initial Coding subthemes and main themes generated.


Results three major themes were identified, physiological issues, psychological issues and social issues.


Conclusion; it has been concluded that contraceptive although having useful effects yet they have side effects also which disturbed female physical, psychological and as well as social life.

Article Details

Section
Articles
Author Biography

SHAMMEM AKHTAR, ALI AKBAR SULTAN, ROBIN GHOSH

1DR SHAMMEM AKHTAR, 2ALI AKBAR SULTAN, 3ROBIN GHOSH

1Assistant Professor Psychology Riphah International University Faisalabad

2M. Phil. Scholar

Riphah International University Faisalabad

3M. Phil. Scholar

Riphah International University Faisalabad

References

Fikree, F. F., Saleem, S., & Sami, N. (2005). A quality of care issue! Appropriate use and efficacy knowledge of five contraceptive methods: Views of men and women living in low socioeconomic settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. JOURNAL-PAKISTAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 55(9), 363-380. PMID: 16302467.

Shaw, D. (2006). Women's right to health and the Millennium Development Goals: Promoting partnerships to improve access. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 94(3), 207-215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.04.029

Demographic, P. (2009). Health Survey (PDHS) 2006-7. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS).

Rosenberg, M. J., Waugh, M. S., & Meehan, T. E. (1995). Use and misuse of oral contraceptives: risk indicators for poor pill taking and discontinuation. Contraception, 51(5), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(95)00074-k

Guazzelli, C. A., Torloni, M. R., Sanches, T. F., Barbieri, M., & Pestana, J. O. (2008). Contraceptive counseling and use among 197 female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation, 86(5), 669-672.

https:/doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3181817e7d

Braun, V., Clarke, V., & Hayfield, N. (2022). ‘A starting point for your journey, not a map’: Nikki Hayfield in conversation with Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke about thematic analysis. Qualitative research in psychology, 19(2), 424-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2019.1670765

King, N. (2004). Using templates in the thematic analysis of text. In C. Cassell & G. Symon (Eds.), Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research (pp. 257–270). London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd.

Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847

Kumar, S., Little, P., & Britten, N. (2003). Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for sore throat? Grounded theory interview study. Bmj, 326(7381), 138-141. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7381.138 PMID: 12531847 PMCID: PMC140007

Bailey J. (2008). First steps in qualitative data analysis: transcribing. Family practice, 25(2), 127–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmn003

Davidson, C. (2009). Transcription: Imperatives for Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(2), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690900800206

Joffe, H., & Yardley, L. (2003). Chapter four: content and thematic analysis. Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology. Marks D, Yardley L (ed): Sage Publications, London, 56-68.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Sobin, C., & Sackeim, H. A. (1997). Psychomotor symptoms of depression. The American journal of psychiatry, 154(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.1.4

Skovlund, C. W., Mørch, L. S., Kessing, L. V., & Lidegaard, Ø. (2016). Association of hormonal contraception with depression. JAMA psychiatry, 73(11), 1154-1162. https:/doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387

Hall, K. S., White, K. O. C., Rickert, V. I., Reame, N., & Westhoff, C. (2012). Influence of depressed mood and psychological stress symptoms on perceived oral contraceptive side effects and discontinuation in young minority women. Contraception, 86(5), 518-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2012.04.010

Kristjansdottir, J., Olsson, G. I., Sundelin, C., & Naessen, T. (2013). Self-reported health in adolescent girls varies according to the season and its relation to medication and hormonal contraception–a descriptive study. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 18(5), 343-354. https:/doi.org/10.3109/13625187. 2013.82110

Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., ... & Vos, T. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The lancet, 382(9904), 1575-1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6

Baird, D. T., & Glasier, A. F. (1993). Hormonal contraception. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(21), 1543-1549. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199305273282108

Westhoff, C. L., Heartwell, S., Edwards, S., Zieman, M., Stuart, G., Cwiak, C., Davis, A., Robilotto, T., Cushman, L., & Kalmuss, D. (2007). Oral contraceptive discontinuation: do side effects matter?. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 196(4), 412.e1–412.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.12.015

Guendelman, S., Denny, C., Mauldon, J., & Chetkovich, C. (2000). Perceptions of hormonal contraceptive safety and side effects among low-income Latina and non-Latina women. Maternal and child health journal, 4, 233-239. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026643621387

Silverman, J., Torres, A., & Forrest, J. D. (1987). Barriers to contraceptive services. Family Planning Perspectives, 19(3), 94-102. https://doi.org/10.2307/2135174

Unger, J. B., & Molina, G. B. (1998). Contraceptive use among Latina women: Social, cultural, and demographic correlates. Women's Health Issues, 8(6), 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-3867(98)00030-9