TRACING BACK THE CAUSES OF THE INDONESIAN ISLAMIC STATE (NII) REBELLION IN WEST JAVA, ACEH, AND SOUTH SULAWESI (1949-1965)
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Abstract
The scientists who study the causes of the upheaval of Darul Islam (Islamic State of Indonesia /NII), there is one aspect that has not been stated clearly, in the form of the role of the zeitgeist (spirit of the times) in the upheaval. This paper shows that the atmosphere of revolution as tension, anticolonialism, uncertainty, suspicion, and hard life, accompanied by violence became the zeitgeist of the upheaval of NII Sekarmaji Marijan Kartosuwiryo (West Java), Muhammad Daud Beureueh (Aceh), and Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar (South Sulawesi). This mentality was intertwined with Indonesia's ideological politics, volkgeist (spirit of the nation) at that time. Local socio-cultural structures also played a role in generating upheaval. Each upheaval had its own differences, related to the dynamics at their respective local levels, including the end of the uprising. Kartosuwiryo surrendered to the Republic of Indonesia and was sentenced to death, Daud Beureueh chose the path of peace, and Qahhar Mudzakkar was killed in an ambush. Upheavals such as NII were a sine qua non-situation in the Republic of Indonesia at that time.
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