SHIFTING SANDS: PAKISTAN'S STRATEGIC CULTURE AMIDST REGIONAL AND GLOBAL FLUX

Main Article Content

MUHAMMAD FAHIM KHAN, MUHAMMAD ASGHAR KHAN, MUHAMMAD IBRAR, BUSHRA HANIF, MUHAMMAD QASIM JAVAID, SOHRAB AHMED MARRI

Abstract

The paper examines the historical development and current dynamics of Pakistan's strategic culture. This study explores the key influences, events, and trends that have shaped Pakistan's strategic culture through a combination of historical research, case studies, and content analysis.Partition of British India, early state creation, military involvement, and ties with regional and international powers are all examples. How Pakistan maintains a balance of power in the area, maintains credible deterrent capabilities, pursues diplomacy, and deals with domestic difficulties are all aspects of national security and foreign policy examined in this paper.


The end of the Cold War, the War on Terror, and the shifting geopolitical landscape are just a few examples of the global and regional environmental changes that have influenced Pakistan's strategic culture. Understanding the development of Pakistan's strategic culture and the country's regional and global dynamics is essential for foreseeing Pakistan's behaviour and policy choices in the future. Pakistan's strategic decision-making is complex and multifaceted, and this research contributes to our understanding of strategic culture and provides light on those complexities.

Article Details

Section
Articles
Author Biography

MUHAMMAD FAHIM KHAN, MUHAMMAD ASGHAR KHAN, MUHAMMAD IBRAR, BUSHRA HANIF, MUHAMMAD QASIM JAVAID, SOHRAB AHMED MARRI

1Muhammad Fahim Khan, 2Muhammad Asghar Khan, 3Muhammad Ibrar*, 4Bushra Hanif, 5Muhammad Qasim Javaid, 6Sohrab Ahmed Marri

1Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

2School of Economics and Management, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China

3Department of Business Administration, Ilma University, Karachi, Pakistan

&

Software College, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China

4Faculty of Asian and African Studies, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510420, Guangdong province, PR China

5Business School, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China

6Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan

 

References

Abbas, H. (2004). Pakistan's drift into extremism: Allah, the army, and America's war on terror. ME Sharpe.

Ahmed, A. (2013). The thistle and the drone: how America's war on terror became a global war on tribal Islam. Brookings institution press.

Aziz, S. (2017). Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Challenges and Opportunities. Pakistan Horizon, 70(2), 29–38.

Booth, K., Wheeler, N. J., & Kona, S. (2008). The Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation and Trust in World Politics.

Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009). The evolution of international security studies.Cambridge University Press.

Chari, P. R., Cheema, P. I., & Cohen, S. P. (2009). Four crises and a peace process: American engagement in South Asia. Brookings Institution Press.

Cloughley, B. (2016). A history of the Pakistan army: wars and insurrections. Simon and Schuster.

Cohen, S. P. (2004). The idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press.

Corera, G. (2006). Shopping for bombs: Nuclear proliferation, global insecurity, and the rise and fall of the AQ Khan network.Oxford University Press.

Desch, M. C. (1998). Culture clash: Assessing the importance of ideas in security studies. International security, 23(1), 141–170.

Fair, C. C. (2004). The counterterror coalitions: Cooperation with Pakistan and India. Rand Corp Santa Monica, Ca.

Fair, C. C. (2011).The militant challenge in Pakistan. Asia policy, (11), 105-138.

Fair, C. C. (2014). Fighting to the end: The Pakistan army's way of war. Oxford University Press, USA.

Ganguly, Š. (2002). Conflict unending: India-Pakistan tensions since 1947. Columbia University Press.

Ganguly, S., &Hagerty, D. T. (2012). Fearful symmetry: India-Pakistan crises in the shadow of nuclear weapons. The University of Washington Press.

Ganguly, S., &Kapur, S. P. (2010). India, Pakistan, and the bomb: debating nuclear stability in South Asia. Columbia University Press.

Garver, J. W. (2011). Protracted contest: Sino-Indian rivalry in the twentieth century. The University of Washington Press.

Grare, F. (2013). Pakistan's foreign and security policies after the 2013 general election: the judge, the politician and the military. International Affairs, 89(4), 987–1001.

Gray, C. S. (1984). Comparative strategic culture. The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 14(1), 13.

Hagerty, D. T. (1998). The consequences of nuclear proliferation: Lessons from South Asia. MIT Press.

Haqqani, H. (2010). Pakistan: Between mosque and military. Carnegie endowment.

Hassan, S. K. (2019). An analysis of Pakistan's foreign policy towards Peoples’s Republic of China: a strengthening alignment (2005 onwards) (Doctoral dissertation, Hong Kong Baptist University).

Hussain, R. (2005). Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan. Gower Publishing, Ltd.

Ijaz Khan, K. (2007).Pakistan's Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making. University of Peshawar, 10.

Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research ethics for social scientists.Sage.

Jaffrelot, C. (Ed.). (2002). Pakistan: nationalism without a nation. Zed Books.

Jalal, A. (1990). The State of Martial Rule. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.

Jalal, A. (1995). Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective Cambridge University Press.

Johnston, A. I. (1995). Thinking about strategic culture. International security, 19(4), 32–64.

Kapur, S. P. (2005). India and Pakistan's Unstable Peace: Why Nuclear South Asia Is Not Like Cold War Europe. International Security, 30(2), 127–152.

Kapur, S. P. (2017). Possible Indian nuclear options in 2030. Defence Primer, p. 82.

Katzenstein, P. J. (Ed.). (1996). The culture of national security: Norms and identity in world politics. Columbia University Press.

Khan, F. (2020). Eating grass: The making of the Pakistani bomb.Stanford University Press.

Krebs, R. R., &Lobasz, J. K. (2007).Fixing the meaning of 9/11: Hegemony, coercion, and the road to war in Iraq. Security Studies, 16(3), 409-451.

Krepon, M., &Gagné, C. (2001). The Stability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear Weapons and Brinksmanship in South Asia (No. 38). Henry L. Stimson Center.

Kubbig, B. W., &Fikenscher, S. E. (Eds.).(2012). Arms control and missile proliferation in the Middle East.Routledge.

Lantis, J. S. (2002). Strategic culture and national security policy. International studies review, 4(3), 87-113.

Lavoy, P. R. (2009). Pakistan's Nuclear Posture: Security and Survivability; Strategic Insights: February 2009. Strategic Insights February 2009.

Lodhi, M. ed. (2011).Pakistan. Beyond the ‘Crisis State’. Karachi: Oxford University Press.

Markey, D. S. (2008). Securing Pakistan's tribal belt (No. 36).Council on Foreign Relations.

Marsden, M. (2008).Muslim cosmopolitans?Transnational life in northern Pakistan. The Journal of Asian Studies, 67(1), 213–247.

Mazari, S. M. (2017). Pakistan's Geostrategic Shifts: Opportunities and Challenges. Strategic Studies, 37(4), 1-18.

Narang, V. (2014).Nuclear strategy in the modern era.In Nuclear Strategy in the Modern Era.Princeton University Press.

Nasr, S. V. R. (2001). Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the making of state power. Oxford University Press.

Paul, T. V. (2018). Restraining great powers: Soft balancing from empires to the global era.Yale University Press.

Paul, T. V. (Ed.). (2005). The India-Pakistan conflict: an enduring rivalry (Vol. 30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Perkovich, G. (1999). India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation. Univ of California Press.

Rashid, A. (2008). Descent into Chaos: The United States and the failure of Pakistan’s nation-building. Afghanistan, and Central Asia (New York: Viking, 2008), p. 320.

Rashid, A. (2010). Taliban: militant Islam, oil and fundamentalism in Central Asia. Yale University Press.

Riedel, B. (2012). Deadly embrace: Pakistan, America, and the future of the global Jihad. Brookings Institution Press.

Rizvi, H. (1993). Pakistan and the geostrategic environment: A study of foreign policy.

Rizvi, H. A. (2004). Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Overview, 1947-2004. Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency.

Rubin, B. R. (2000). The political economy of war and peace in Afghanistan. World Development, 28(10), 1789-1803.

Schofield, V. (2012). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. Mountain Research and Development, 32(1), 101-103.

Shaikh, F. (2018). Making sense of Pakistan.Oxford University Press.

Siddiqa-Agha, A. (2001). Pakistan's Arms Procurement and Military Buildup, 1979-99: In Search of a Policy. Springer.

Small, A. (2015). The China Pakistan Axis: Asia’s new geopolitics. Random House India.

Snyder, J. L. (1977). The Soviet Strategic Culture.Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations. Rand Corp Santa Monica Calif.

Sutter, R. G. (2012). Chinese foreign relations: Power and policy since the Cold War. Rowman& Littlefield.

UzZaman, R. (2009). Strategic culture: A “cultural” understanding of war. Comparative Strategy, 28(1), 68–88.

Wolf, S. O. (2021). China-Pakistan Economic Corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative.Springer.

Wolfers, A. (1962). Discord and collaboration: essays on international politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

Yusuf, M. (2020). Brokering Peace in Nuclear Environments: US Crisis Management in South Asia.Stanford University Press.