THE IMPACT OF NON-OIL PUBLIC REVENUES ON NON-OIL GDP IN IRAQ FOR PERIOD (2004-2021)
Main Article Content
Abstract
The countries of the world, as a result of their long experiences in managing their macroeconomic , have realized that in order to advance the joints of the national economy and develop their domestic product, and then increase the rates of economic growth, this is achieved by expanding the variety of public revenues, whether through developing their traditional revenue sources or by finding new ones. To clarify the foregoing, the research went to the analysis of non-oil revenues and the statement of their impact on the gross domestic product in Iraq for the period (2004-2021). The research has reached conclusions of great importance in this regard, represented in proving the hypothesis from which the research was launched, which indicates the weakness of the impact of non-oil public revenues (taxes and loans) in Iraq on the non-oil gross domestic product during the aforementioned period. This indicates a low contribution of the non-oil productive sectors (agriculture, industry) in the formation of the gross domestic product, and this is due to many reasons, including: the weakness of the productive base of the productive sectors of the Iraqi economy, the dependence of these sectors on traditional production methods, as well as the dependence of the Iraqi economy on its development significantly on oil revenues.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Riyad Al-Sheikh, Public Finance in Capitalism and Socialism, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 2nd edition, 2018.
Taher Al-Janabi, Studies in Public Finance, Higher Education Press, Baghdad, 1990.
Abdul Hafeez Mahboob, From Rent to Welfare: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the process of transformations, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Kutub for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Cairo, 2019.
United Nations, UNESCO Annual Report for Science, Towards 2030, UNESCO Press, 2018.
Paul R. Gregory, and Robert C. Stewart, Comparative Economic Systems, translation, Dr. Abdul-Mahdi Salim Al-Muzaffar, 1st Edition, University of Basra, 1999.
Muhammad Salman Salameh, Public Financial Administration, 1st edition, Beirut, Dar Al-Manhal, 2015.
Jess Benhabib, Cycles and Chaos in Economic Equilibrium, fourth edition, Princeton University Press, 2015.
Barry Siegel, Money, Banking and Economics from a Critical Point of View, translated by Taha Abdullah Mansour and Abdel-Fattah Abdel-Rahman, Dar Al-Marikh, Riyadh, 1986.
James Guartini, and Richard Esterup, Macroeconomics - Public and Private Choice, translated and Arabized by Abdel-Fattah Abdel-Rahman and Abdel-Azim Muhammad, Riyadh - Saudi Arabia, Dar Al-Marikh, Arabic Edition, 1999.
Roger Guesnerie, Assessing Rational Expectations and Economic Fluctuations, MIT Press, 2002.
Mustafa Abdel Raouf, Monetary and Financial Policy in Theory and Practice in Developing Countries, Arab Renaissance House, Arab Republic of Egypt, Cairo, 2010.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Statistics Pocketbook 2022, the year 2022.
Arab Monetary Fund, Basic Economic Concepts, Gross Domestic Product, Series of Introductory Booklets No. 19, for the year 2021.
Emad Muhammad Al-Ani, Economics of Public Finance, Iraq Office for Printing and Publishing, Baghdad, 2018.
Abd al-Hussein Muhammad al-Anbaki, The Economic Reform of Iraq, 1st edition, Baghdad, Iraq Center for Studies, 2008.
Hamid Obaid Haddad, Iraqi Indebtedness, Journal of International Studies, University of Baghdad, Issue 33, 2007.
Nabil Jaafar Abdel-Ridha, The Iraqi Economy: Repercussions of the Present and Future Directions, Journal of Economic Sciences, University of Basra, Issue 19, April, 2007.
Abbas Ali Muhammad, Security and Development, Iraq Case Study (1970-2007), unpublished master's thesis, College of Administration and Economics, University of Basra, 2010.
See: General Secretariat of the League of Arab States, Unified Arab Economic Report, Annual Report 2015.
Mohamed Sheikhi, Econometric Methods, 1st edition, Algeria, 2011.
Muhammad Zanbou’a, Raqi Badi’ Habib, The Impact of Nominal Exchange Rate Fluctuations on the Volume of Trade Exchange in Syria During the Period 1990-2011, Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies, Economic and Legal Sciences Series, Volume 38, Issue 3, 2016.
Hamid Obaid, Econometrics, Iraq, 1st Edition, Karbala, Dar Al-Kutub Distributors and Publishers, 2017.
Gujarati, D.N and Porter,D.C, Basic Econometrics, Fifth Edition, Newyork,Mc graw Hill companies, 2009.
Khalid bin Hamad Abdullah Al-Qadeer, The Impact of Financial Development on Economic Growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, King Abdulaziz University Journal, College of Economics and Administration, Volume XVIII, Number One, 2004.
Mayeh Shabib Al-Shammari, Ali Omran Hussein Al-Taei, Analysis of transmission factors of the effect of the exchange rate on the general level of prices using the causal model in Iraq for the period 1990-2011, University of Kufa, College of Administration and Economics, Al-Ghazi Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Volume 8, Number 31, 2014.
Ammar Hamad Khalaf, Applications of Econometrics Using the Eviews Program, 1st Edition, Baghdad, Dar Al-Doctor for Administrative, Economic and Other Sciences, 2015.
Vivel Kamel, Hamdan Fathi, Principles of Statistics, 1st edition, Amman, Dar Al-Manhaj Printing Press, 2005.
Abdel-Qader Mohamed Abdel-Qader Attia, Econometrics Between Theory and Application, Alexandria, University House for Printing and Publishing, 2000.
Anbar, College of Administration and Economics, Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Volume 7, Issue 13, 2015.
Ahmed Hussein and Matar, Sarab Abdul-Karim, The Impact of Inflation on Stock Returns Sectors of the Iraq Stock Exchange: Analysis of the Autoregressive Model with Distributed Delays for the Period 2005-2015, University of Anbar, College of Administration and Economics, Journal of the Islamic University for Economic and Administrative Studies, 2017.
Adriana and Maria Davidescu,bounds test approach for the long run relationship between shadow economy and official economy, an Empirircal analysis for Romania, vol. 10, No. 1, 2015.
Paresh Kumar Narayan, Reformulating Critical Values for the F-bounds statistics Approach to Cointegration; An Application to the Tourism Demand Model for Fiji, Department of Economy Papers, No.02, 2004.
Greene WilliamH. Econometric analysis, Prentice Hall ,2011
Amuri Hadi Kazem, An Introduction to Economic Measurement, Mosul, University of Mosul, Dar Ibn Al-Atheer for Printing and Publishing, 2005.