BEYOND BORDERS: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCACY IN AUSTRALIAN AND INDIAN JURISDICTIONS
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article examines the advocacy approaches and mechanisms employed to address social justice and human rights issues in Australia and India, highlighting key issues and challenges in each jurisdiction. It provides an overview of the various advocacy strategies, evaluates their effectiveness, and offers recommendations for overcoming obstacles. By comparing the advocacy efforts in both countries, the article aims to inform future efforts in promoting social justice and human rights and enhance understanding of effective advocacy practices.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Reconciliation Australia, The State of Reconciliation in Australia (2020) (Accessed on 9 March 2023) https://www.reconciliation.org.au/state-of-reconciliation-report/.Amnesty International Australia, Australia's Refugee Policies (2020) (Accessed on 9 March 2023) https://www.amnesty.org.au/refugees/.
Australian Human Rights Commission, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Equality (2020) (Accessed on 9 March 2023) https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/sexual-orientation-gender-identity-intersex-status.
Workplace Gender Equality Agency, Australia's Gender Pay Gap Statistics (2020) (Accessed on 9 Nov 2022) https://www.wgea.gov.au/data/fact-sheets/australias-gender-pay-gap-statistics.
Australian Human Rights Commission, A Future without Violence: Quality, Safeguarding and Oversight to Prevent and Address Violence against People with Disability in Institutional Settings (2018) (Accessed on 9 Dec 2022) https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/disability-rights/publications/future-without-violence-2018.
Climate Council, Climate Change and Social Inequality in Australia (2020) (Accessed on 9 Jan 2023) https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/climate-change-and-social-inequality-in-australia/.
Australian Human Rights Commission, Racism. It Stops with Me (2021) (Accessed on 9 Jan 2023) https://itstopswithme.humanrights.gov.au/.
Australian Law Reform Commission, Pathways to Justice – Inquiry into the Incarceration Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (2018) (Accessed on 9 Jan 2023) https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/pathways-to-justice-inquiry-into-the-incarceration-rate-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples-alrc-report-133/.
Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Housing Affordability (2021) (Accessed on 10 Jan 2023) https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/housing-affordability.
Human Rights Watch, World Report 2020: India (2020) (Accessed on 10 Jan 2023) https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/india.
UN Women, India (2020) (Online, 9 Jan 2023) https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/india.
U.S. Department of State, 2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: India (2020) (Accessed on 13 Jan 2023) https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/india/.
Human Rights Watch, India: Events of 2018 (2019) (Accessed on 1 Jan 2023) https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/india.
International Labour Organization, India: Child Labour (2021) (Accessed on 30 Jan 2023) https://www.ilo.org/newdelhi/areasofwork/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm.
Amnesty International, India: Annual Report 2019/20 (2020) (Accessed on 9 Jan 2023) https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/india/report-india/.
World Bank, India Development Update (2021) (Accessed on 9 Jan 2023) https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/publication/india-development-update.
Australian Council for International Development, NGOs and Civil Society (2020) (Accessed on 3 Feb 2023) https://acfid.asn.au/ngos-civil-society.
Australian Law Reform Commission, Law Reform Process (2021) (Accessed on 3 Feb 2023) <https://www.alrc.gov.au/law -reform-process>.
Australian Human Rights Commission, About the Commission (2020) (Accessed on 3 Feb 2023) https://humanrights.gov.au/about.
Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Inquiries (2020) (Accessed on 3 Feb 2023) https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees.
Community Legal Centres Australia, Our Work: Advocacy (2020) (Accessed on 3 Feb 2023) https://clcs.org.au/our-work/advocacy.
Castells, M., Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age (Polity Press, 2015).
Centre for Civil Society, Civil Society in India (2020) (Accessed on 2 Feb 2023) https://www.ccs.in/civil-society-india.
National Human Rights Commission of India, Functions (2020) (Accessed on 2 Feb 2023) https://nhrc.nic.in/about-us/functions.
NHRC, About NHRC (2020) (Online, 1 Feb 2023) https://nhrc.nic.in/about-us/about-nhrc.
Parliament of India, Parliamentary Committees (2020) (Accessed on 1 Feb 2023) .
PRIA, Our Work (2020) (Online, 1 Feb 2023) https://www.pria.org/our-work.
Carr, S, 'Social Media and Human Rights Advocacy in India' in S Tumber and P Waisbord (eds), The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights (Routledge, 2018) 341.
Lenaghan, M, 'Evaluating Policy Advocacy: A Practical Framework for Assessing the Effectiveness of Advocacy Strategies' (2017) 76(3) The Australian Journal of Public Administration 334.
Whitmore, E, and Wilson, M, 'Evaluating Communications Campaigns' (2010) 25(1) The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation 95.
Griffith, G, and Coleman, E, Landmark Cases in Public Law (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018).
Australian Human Rights Commission, Annual Report 2019-2020 (2020) (O Accessed on 4 Feb 2023) https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/annual-report-2019-2020.
See Parliament of Australia, above n. 20
See Community Legal Centres Australia, above n. 21
See Castells, above n. 22
Baxi, U, The Future of Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2011).
Mander, H and Joshi, D, 'The Right to Information Movement in India: The Role of Civil Society' in A M Florini (ed), The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World (Columbia University Press, 2018) 131.
Dhavan, R, 'Public Interest Litigation in India: Genesis, Growth and Crisis' in V Gauri and D M Brinks (eds), Courting Social Justice: Judicial Enforcement of Social and Economic Rights in the Developing World (Cambridge University Press, 2017) 147.
National Human Rights Commission of India, Annual Report 2019-2020 (2020) (Accessed on 4 Feb 2023) https://nhrc.nic.in/sites/default/files/AR_2019-20.pdf.
See Parliament of India, above n. 26
See PRIA, above n. 27
See Carr, above n. 28
Mizrahi, T and Rosenthal, B B, 'Complexities of Coalition Building: Leaders' Successes, Strategies, Struggles, and Solutions' (2001) 46(1) Social Work 63.
Gaventa, J and Barrett, G, 'So What Difference Does It Make? Mapping the Outcomes of Citizen Engagement' IDS Working Papers 2010(347), 01-72.
See Castells, above n. 22
Greenspan, I, 'Evidence-based Advocacy: The Importance of Rigorous Programme Evaluation' (2013) 23(1) Development in Practice 97.
Yanacopulos, H, International NGO Engagement, Advocacy, and Change (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
Mintrom, M and Luetjens, J, 'Policy Entrepreneurs and Problem Framing: The Case of Climate Change' (2017) 35(8) Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 1362.
Teles, S and Schmitt, M, 'The Elusive Craft of Evaluating Advocacy' Stanford Social Innovation Review (2011) 9(3), 38-43.