THE ROLE OF ADVISORS AND EXPERTS IN ESTABLISHING KNOWLEDGE IN THE PROVISIONAL NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, 1920

Main Article Content

ALYAA SABBAR KHALAF, JAMAL FAISAL HAMED

Abstract

    This study came to shed light on the role of advisors and experts in establishing knowledge in the Iraqi interim government and the extent of their influence in formulating educational policy in Iraq, to ​​shed light on the role of advisors and experts, especially since the British Mandate authorities appointed a British advisor to each of the Iraqi government ministers who was seeking to The reality is that it should be a real guide to the ministry, as well as highlighting the role of Mr. Heba Al-Din Al-Shahristani, Minister of Education, because he faced a big dilemma while working in the Ministry of Education, the first issue being the Mosul knowledge problem, the second issue being the scientific missions, and the malicious role that the advisers played in exploiting these two issues to achieve colonial interests in Iraq.

Article Details

Section
Constitutional Law
Author Biography

ALYAA SABBAR KHALAF, JAMAL FAISAL HAMED

ALYAA SABBAR KHALAF AND PROF. DR. JAMAL FAISAL HAMED

Anbar University - College of Arts Anbar University

References

SOURCE LIST

Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz, Iraq from occupation until independence, Al-Ani Press, Baghdad, 2nd edition 1967, p.

Percy Cox: British by origin. He studied at Harrow School and completed his studies at St. Hurst Military University. He graduated with the rank of lieutenant and joined the government of India. He was appointed as a political officer for the British campaign to occupy Iraq. Brigadier General Delamine’s campaign remained as head of the political department until 1918. He was assigned as a minister plenipotentiary in Tehran. He returned to Baghdad and appointed a high commissioner for the years 1920-1923. For details, see: Hassan Latif Al-Zubaidi, Encyclopedia of Iraqi Parties, Al-Arif Publications Corporation, Beirut, 2007, p. 149; Muntaha Azab Dhouib, Percy Cox and his role in Iraqi politics 1864-1923, unpublished master's thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, 1995; The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 3, p699

Abd al-Rahman al-Naqeeb: He was born in Baghdad in 1845. He studied religious and intellectual sciences. He has a scholarly council that is held in the Kaylani city. He was known for his inclinations towards the Ottoman Empire. After that, he formed two three governments, the first after King Faisal was crowned king of Iraq in 1921. More see: Raja Hussein Al-Khattab, Abd al-Rahman al-Naqib, his private life, his political views, and his relationship with his contemporaries, The Arab Publishing Corporation, Baghdad, 1984; Hassan Latif al-Zubaidi, previous source, pp. 558-559.

Izzat al-Kirkukli: He is Izzat Pasha Ibn al-Hajj Zainal. He was born in Kirkuk in 1870. He graduated from the Military School in Istanbul in 1888. He served in the Ottoman army. He rose in military positions until he became a brigade commander in 1905, and became responsible for the administration of Kirkuk in 1908. And commander of the thirty-eighth division in the state of Basra 1912, then became governor of Basra by proxy in 1913, was referred to retirement in 1914. More see: Mir al-Basri, Turkmen Flags and Turkish Literature in Modern Iraq, Dar Al-Warraq, to publish, London, 1997, pp. 50-51 ; Fadel Talal al-Quraishi, Lexicon of famous people of history and media, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Baghdad, 2010, p. 269.

Miss Bell: She is Gertrude Margaret Lothian Bell. She was born in 1868 in Britain. She studied history at Oxford University and mastered several languages. She began her exploratory activity in the Arab regions in 1892, and in 1907 she published a book on Syria. During the years 1909-1914 she wandered between Iraq, Syria and Turkey, where she visited the archaeological sites and collected information. In 1915 she appointed an employee in the intelligence department in Egypt as a translator. In 1916 she entered Iraq and settled in the state of Basra for a period of time, then moved to the state of Baghdad. She died in 1926 and was buried there. More information For her political activity, see: Yusuf Ibrahim Al-Quraishi, Miss Bell and its Impact on Iraqi Politics, Arab Vigilance Library, Baghdad, 2002, pp. 8-260.

Al-Bilad, newspaper, Baghdad, Issue 6, January 14, 1930

Lionel Smith: One of the history professors at Oxford University in Britain came to Iraq with the British campaign in 1914. After the end of the war in 1918, he was appointed as a political governor for Najaf Al-Ashraf. Acquaintances remained in the job until its abolition in 1931, he left Iraq. Iraq, Newspaper, Baghdad, Issue 1350, October 15, 1924; Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed, The Development of National Education in Iraq (1869-1932), Publications of the Center for Arabian Gulf Studies, Basra, 1st edition, 1982, p. 118.

Lorats Cullen: One of the intelligence officers of the British Indian Army, who has had his intelligence mission in the tribal areas of Iraq since 1900, if his administration commissioned him to collect detailed information about the whereabouts of oil in Iraq and write reports about it, after the Ottoman forces besieged the British forces in Kut in 1900. 1916 He was sent on a secret mission to negotiate with the besieging forces and lure them with money to break the siege on the besieged British forces there. He took several positions in the Iraqi Ministry of Education in 1922. p.87.

Jerome Farrell: Captain Farrell was one of the British who had a prominent role in Iraqi knowledge during the era of the British Mandate. He came to Iraq with the 1918 campaign and joined the service of the British Department during the First World War 1914 intelligence in the British army. Then he was appointed director of the knowledge of Mosul, then a consultant to the Ministry of Education in the year 1921 until his services in Iraq ended and he traveled to work in the knowledge of Palestine in the year 1922. Abd al-Razzaq al-Hilali, History of Education in Iraq 1921-1932, p. 26

Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed, Education during the Mandate 1920-1932, Researchers Group, Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh Al-Mofasir Iraq, p. 713

Muhammad Muzaffar Al-Adhami, The Iraqi Constituent Assembly, Part 1, General Cultural Affairs House, Baghdad, 2nd edition, 1985, pp. 138-139

Zina Muslim Darwish, Ministry of Communications and Works (1920-1939) Historical Study, Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad, 2012

Muhammad Bahr al-Uloom al-Tabatai: He is Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi bin Hassan bin Muhammad Taqi bin Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-Ulum from the Hassani masters whose lineage goes back to Hassan bin Ali bin Abi Talib, born in Karbala 1866, he studied religious sciences at the hands of Sayyid Muhammad Kazim al-Yazdi, he is considered one of the men The National Movement, if he contributed to the activities of the Al-Nahda Association in 1918 to stand up to the British occupation, and he had many activities, he died in 1932, and was buried in Najaf Al-Ashraf, more see: Hanan Fahim Miri Al-Salman, The Bahr Al-Uloom family and its role in the history of Iraq (1920-1958) , Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Al-Qadisiyah University, 2008, pp. 43-47; Department of Information and Documentation, Iraq Facts and Events, Part 1, Edition 2, 2010, pg. 69.

Abd al-Razzaq al-Hassani, The Official Origins of the History of the Iraqi Ministries during the False Royal Era, Irfan Press, Sidon, 1964, p. 10; Falah Hassan Kazzar Abbas, previous source, p. 472 15 Iraq, Jr

Source list

Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz, Iraq from occupation until independence, Al-Ani Press, Baghdad, 2nd edition 1967, p.

Percy Cox: British by origin. He studied at Harrow School and completed his studies at St. Hurst Military University. He graduated with the rank of lieutenant and joined the government of India. He was appointed as a political officer for the British campaign to occupy Iraq. Brigadier General Delamine’s campaign remained as head of the political department until 1918. He was assigned as a minister plenipotentiary in Tehran. He returned to Baghdad and appointed a high commissioner for the years 1920-1923. For details, see: Hassan Latif Al-Zubaidi, Encyclopedia of Iraqi Parties, Al-Arif Publications Corporation, Beirut, 2007, p. 149; Muntaha Azab Dhouib, Percy Cox and his role in Iraqi politics 1864-1923, unpublished master's thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, 1995; The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 3, p699

Abd al-Rahman al-Naqeeb: He was born in Baghdad in 1845. He studied religious and intellectual sciences. He has a scholarly council that is held in the Kaylani city. He was known for his inclinations towards the Ottoman Empire. After that, he formed two three governments, the first after King Faisal was crowned king of Iraq in 1921. More see: Raja Hussein Al-Khattab, Abd al-Rahman al-Naqib, his private life, his political views, and his relationship with his contemporaries, The Arab Publishing Corporation, Baghdad, 1984; Hassan Latif al-Zubaidi, previous source, pp. 558-559.

Izzat al-Kirkukli: He is Izzat Pasha Ibn al-Hajj Zainal. He was born in Kirkuk in 1870. He graduated from the Military School in Istanbul in 1888. He served in the Ottoman army. He rose in military positions until he became a brigade commander in 1905, and became responsible for the administration of Kirkuk in 1908. And commander of the thirty-eighth division in the state of Basra 1912, then became governor of Basra by proxy in 1913, was referred to retirement in 1914. More see: Mir al-Basri, Turkmen Flags and Turkish Literature in Modern Iraq, Dar Al-Warraq, to publish, London, 1997, pp. 50-51 ; Fadel Talal al-Quraishi, Lexicon of famous people of history and media, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Baghdad, 2010, p. 269.

Miss Bell: She is Gertrude Margaret Lothian Bell. She was born in 1868 in Britain. She studied history at Oxford University and mastered several languages. She began her exploratory activity in the Arab regions in 1892, and in 1907 she published a book on Syria. During the years 1909-1914 she wandered between Iraq, Syria and Turkey, where she visited the archaeological sites and collected information. In 1915 she appointed an employee in the intelligence department in Egypt as a translator. In 1916 she entered Iraq and settled in the state of Basra for a period of time, then moved to the state of Baghdad. She died in 1926 and was buried there. More information For her political activity, see: Yusuf Ibrahim Al-Quraishi, Miss Bell and its Impact on Iraqi Politics, Arab Vigilance Library, Baghdad, 2002, pp. 8-260.

Al-Bilad, newspaper, Baghdad, Issue 6, January 14, 1930

Lionel Smith: One of the history professors at Oxford University in Britain came to Iraq with the British campaign in 1914. After the end of the war in 1918, he was appointed as a political governor for Najaf Al-Ashraf. Acquaintances remained in the job until its abolition in 1931, he left Iraq. Iraq, Newspaper, Baghdad, Issue 1350, October 15, 1924; Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed, The Development of National Education in Iraq (1869-1932), Publications of the Center for Arabian Gulf Studies, Basra, 1st edition, 1982, p. 118.

Lorats Cullen: One of the intelligence officers of the British Indian Army, who has had his intelligence mission in the tribal areas of Iraq since 1900, if his administration commissioned him to collect detailed information about the whereabouts of oil in Iraq and write reports about it, after the Ottoman forces besieged the British forces in Kut in 1900. 1916 He was sent on a secret mission to negotiate with the besieging forces and lure them with money to break the siege on the besieged British forces there. He took several positions in the Iraqi Ministry of Education in 1922. p.87.

Jerome Farrell: Captain Farrell was one of the British who had a prominent role in Iraqi knowledge during the era of the British Mandate. He came to Iraq with the 1918 campaign and joined the service of the British Department during the First World War 1914 intelligence in the British army. Then he was appointed director of the knowledge of Mosul, then a consultant to the Ministry of Education in the year 1921 until his services in Iraq ended and he traveled to work in the knowledge of Palestine in the year 1922. Abd al-Razzaq al-Hilali, History of Education in Iraq 1921-1932, p. 26

Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed, Education during the Mandate 1920-1932, Researchers Group, Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh Al-Mofasir Iraq, p. 713

Muhammad Muzaffar Al-Adhami, The Iraqi Constituent Assembly, Part 1, General Cultural Affairs House, Baghdad, 2nd edition, 1985, pp. 138-139

Zina Muslim Darwish, Ministry of Communications and Works (1920-1939) Historical Study, Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad, 2012

Muhammad Bahr al-Uloom al-Tabatai: He is Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi bin Hassan bin Muhammad Taqi bin Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-Ulum from the Hassani masters whose lineage goes back to Hassan bin Ali bin Abi Talib, born in Karbala 1866, he studied religious sciences at the hands of Sayyid Muhammad Kazim al-Yazdi, he is considered one of the men The National Movement, if he contributed to the activities of the Al-Nahda Association in 1918 to stand up to the British occupation, and he had many activities, he died in 1932, and was buried in Najaf Al-Ashraf, more see: Hanan Fahim Miri Al-Salman, The Bahr Al-Uloom family and its role in the history of Iraq (1920-1958) , Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Education, Al-Qadisiyah University, 2008, pp. 43-47; Department of Information and Documentation, Iraq Facts and Events, Part 1, Edition 2, 2010, pg. 69.

Abd al-Razzaq al-Hassani, The Official Origins of the History of the Iraqi Ministries during the False Royal Era, Irfan Press, Sidon, 1964, p. 10; Falah Hassan Kazzar Abbas, previous source, p. 472 15 Iraq, Jr