EFFECT OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING ON CARDIORESPIRATORY ENDURANCE, ABDOMINAL MUSCLE STRENGTH AND ARM MUSCLE STRENGTH IN INDONESIAN AIR FORCE SOLDIERS AT ADI SOEMARMO AIR FIELD
Main Article Content
Abstract
Soldiers should always keep their physical condition in good order. Cardiorespiratory endurance, abdominal muscle strength and arm muscle strength are important aspects that support soldier performance. Cardiorespiratory endurance is important to ensure soldiers can work according to the targeted duration. Good abdominal muscle strength supports soldiers to minimize back pain. Soldiers often had to carry heavy loads in backpacks that had to be carried a certain distance and duration. Soldiers are also confirmed to undergo shooting drills. Withstanding the recoil requires good arm muscle strength. Arm muscle strength determines the number of shots that are limited because it relates to how often you hold the recoil. High Intesity Interval Training (HIIT) is conducted so that soldiers get improvements in these three aspects. The training process is carried out within a span of 8 weeks. Based on the results of the paired t-test, it is known that there is an effect of HIIT on the three research variables. This is based on Sig. <0.005 which indicates that Ha is accepted.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Akuthota, V., Ferreiro, A., Moore, T., & Fredericson, M. (2008). Core Stability Exercise Principles. March. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CSMR.0000308663.13278.69
Allen, S., Dudley, G., & Iosia, M. (2002). Core strength training. Sports Science ….
Alvarez-Ramirez, J., & Rodriguez, E. (2021). Theoretical analysis of the 12 min Cooper’s test to estimate the maximal oxygen uptake rate. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 69(October 2020), 102885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102885
Alvero-Cruz, J. R., Giráldez García, M. A., & Carnero, E. A. (2017). Fiabilidad y precisión del test de Cooper en corredores varones de larga distancia. Revista Andaluza de Medicina Del Deporte, 10(2), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ramd.2016.03.001
Amin, A. (2014). Tough Warrior, Pasukan elite TNI lari 17 km bawa ransel 17 kg. Https://Www.Merdeka.Com/Peristiwa/Tough-Warrior-Pasukan-Elite-Tni-Lari-17-Km-Bawa-Ransel-17-Kg.Html. https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/tough-warrior-pasukan-elite-tni-lari-17-km-bawa-ransel-17-kg.html
Artaya, I. P. (2019). KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST. ResearchGate, January. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31867.36642
Bossi, L., Karakolis, T., & Jones, M. (2020). Rationalizing the approach to mitigate soldier physical burden are Iron Man or Captain America the magic bullet? In Transhumanizing War: Performance Enhancement and the Implications for Policy, Society, and the Soldier (Issue November 2020).
Burns, Bruce. P. (2012). Recoil Considerations for Shoulder-Fired Weapons. U.S. Army Research Laboratory, May, 1–20.
Cheng, J. C., Chiu, C. Y., & Su, T. J. (2019). Training and evaluation of human cardiorespiratory endurance based on a fuzzy algorithm. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132390
Coquart, J. B., Garcin, M., Parfitt, G., Tourny-Chollet, C., & Eston, R. G. (2014). Prediction of maximal or peak oxygen uptake from ratings of perceived exertion. Sports Medicine, 44(5), 563–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0139-5
Coyne, J. O. C., Tran, T. T., Secomb, J. L., Lundgren, L., Farley, O. R. L., Newton, R. U., & Sheppard, J. M. (2015). Reliability of Pull Up & Dip Maximal Strength Tests. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, 23(4), 21–27.
de Carvalho Souza Vieira, M., Boing, L., Leitão, A. E., Vieira, G., & Coutinho de Azevedo Guimarães, A. (2018). Effect of physical exercise on the cardiorespiratory fitness of men—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 115(May), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.006
Deka, P., Pathak, D., Klompstra, L., Sempere-Rubio, N., Querol-Giner, F., & Marques-Sule, E. (2021). High-Intensity Interval and Resistance Training Improve Health Outcomes in Older Adults With Coronary Disease. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.05.034
Drenowatz, C., & Greier, K. (2020). Associations of Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Body Weight: Implications for Weight Management Clemens. In Q. Trevisano (Ed.), Physical Fitness and Exercise (pp. 1–34). Nova Medicine & Health.
Duncan, G. E., Hurvitz, P. M., Moudon, A. V., Avery, A. R., & Tsang, S. (2021). Measurement of physical activity Measurement of physical fitness. Health and Place, 70.
Eather, N., Riley, N., Miller, A., Smith, V., Poole, A., Vincze, L., Morgan, P. J., & Lubans, D. R. (2019). Efficacy and feasibility of HIIT training for university students: The Uni-HIIT RCT. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(5), 596–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.016
Etikan, I. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Fahey, T. D., Insel, P. M., Roth, W. T., & Insel, C. E. (2019). Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness (13th ed.). Mc Graw Hill.
Franck, J. A., Smeets, R. J. E. M., & Seelen, H. A. M. (2017). Changes in arm-hand function and arm-hand skill performance in patients after stroke during and after rehabilitation. PLoS ONE, 12(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179453
Gjellesvik, T. I., Becker, F., Tjønna, A. E., Indredavik, B., Lundgaard, E., Solbakken, H., Brurok, B., Tørhaug, T., Lydersen, S., & Askim, T. (2021). Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training After Stroke (The HIIT Stroke Study) on Physical and Cognitive Function: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 102(9), 1683–1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.05.008
Gupta, S. V. (2012). Measurement Uncertainties: Physical Parameters and Calibration of Instruments. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950541
Hall, R. (2015). Tabata Workout Handbook: Achieve Maximum Fitness. hatherleigh.
Haugen, T., & Johansen, B. T. (2018). Difference in physical fitness in children with initially high and low gross motor competence: A ten-year follow-up study. Human Movement Science, 62, 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2018.10.007
Hemmatinafar, A., Fathi, M., & Ziaaldini, M. M. (2020a). Effect of 8 weeks of HIIT on hepatic enzyme levels, lipid profile and body composition in overweight young men. 2Obesity Medicine, 18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100233
Hemmatinafar, A., Fathi, M., & Ziaaldini, M. M. (2020b). Effect of 8 weeks of HIIT on hepatic enzyme levels, lipid profile and body composition in overweight young men. Obesity Medicine, 18, 1–4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100233
Henning, P. C., Khamoui, A. V., & Brown, L. E. (2011). Preparatory strength and endurance training for U.S. army basic combat training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 33(5), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31822fdb2e
Jayne, J. M., Karl, J. P., McGraw, S. M., O’Connor, K., DiChiara, A. J., & Cole, R. E. (2021). Eating Behaviors Are Associated With Physical Fitness and Body Composition Among US Army Soldiers. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 53(6), 480–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2021.01.013
Kegel, J. L., Kazman, J. B., Scott, J. M., & Deuster, P. A. (2020). Health Behaviors and Psychosocial Attributes of US Soldiers. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(9), 1469–1483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.01.018
Kibler, W. Ben, Press, J., & Sciascia, A. (2006). The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 36(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636030-00001
Kiryu, T., Sasaki, I., Shibai, K., & Tanaka, K. (2001). Providing appropriate exercise levels for the elderly. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 20(6), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1109/51.982283
Kukić, F., Orr, R., Marković, M., Dawes, J. J., Čvorović, A., & Koropanovski, N. (2022). Factorial and Construct
Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A. J., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Halson, S.L., Hecksteden, A., Heidari, J., Kallus, K.W., Meeusen, R., Mujika, I., Robazza, C., Skorski, S., Venter, R. & Beckmann J. (2018). Recovery and performance in sport: consensus statement. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 13(2), 240-245.
Validity of Sit-Up Test of Different Durations to Assess Muscular Endurance of Police Students. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013630
Kumari, K., & Yadav, S. (2018). Linear regression analysis study. Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences, 4(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpcs.jpcs_8_18
Looney, D. P., Santee, W. R., Blanchard, L. A., Karis, A. J., Carter, A. J., & Potter, A. W. (2018). Cardiorespiratory responses to heavy military load carriage over complex terrain. Applied Ergonomics, 73(July), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.07.010
Majid, U. (2018). Research Fundamentals: Study Design, Population, and Sample Size. Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal, 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.16
Mavor, M. P., Gruevski, K. M., Ross, G. B., Akhavanfar, M., Clouthier, A. L., Bossi, L. L. M., Karakolis, T., & Graham, R. B. (2022). A data-driven framework for assessing soldier performance, health, and survivability. Applied Ergonomics, 104, 103809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103809
Mendelson, M., Chacaroun, S., Baillieul, S., Doutreleau, S., Guinot, M., Wuyam, B., Tamisier, R., Pépin, J.-L., Estève, F., Tessier, D., Vergès, S., & Flore, P. (2022). Effects of high intensity interval training on sustained reduction in cardiometabolic risk associated with overweight/obesity. A randomized trial. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.001
Michael Kellmann, Maurizio Bertollo, Laurent Bosquet, Michel Brink, Aaron J. Coutts, Rob Duffield, Daniel Erlacher, Shona L. Halson, Anne Hecksteden, Jahan Heidari, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Romain Meeusen, Inigo Mujika, Claudio Robazza, Sabrina Skorski, Ranel Venter, and Jürgen Beckmann
Midgley, A. W., McNaughton, L. R., & Jones, A. M. (2007). Training to enhance the physiological determinants of long-distance running performance: Can valid recommendations be given to runners and coaches based on current scientific knowledge? Sports Medicine, 37(10), 857–880. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737100-00003
Nasrulloh, A., & Wicaksono, I. S. (2020). Latihan bodyweight dengan total-body resistance exercise (TRX) dapat meningkatkan kekuatan otot. Jurnal Keolahragaan, 8(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v8i1.31208
Paulino da Silva Bento, A. F., Páez, L. C., & Manuel de Mendonça Raimundo, A. (2021). High-intensity interval training in high-school physical education classes: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 24(May), 100867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100867
Peterson, D., Middleton, M., & Christman, S. (2019). Evaluation of Possible Anthropometric Advantage in Sit-Up Test. The Sport Journal, 20(January), 1–10.
Pierce, J. R., DeGroot, D. W., Grier, T. L., Hauret, K. G., Nindl, B. C., East, W. B., McGurk, M. S., & Jones, B. H. (2017). Body mass index predicts selected physical fitness attributes but is not associated with performance on military relevant tasks in U.S. Army Soldiers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20, S79–S84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.021
Pihlainen, K., Santtila, M., Häkkinen, K., Lindholm, H., & Kyröläinen, H. (2014). Cardiorespiratory responses induced by various military field tasks. Military Medicine, 179(2), 218–224. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00299
Pindad. (2019). SS1-V2 Kal. 5,56 mm. Https://Pindad.Com/Ss1-v2-Cal-556-Mm#:~:Text=SS1%2DV2%20Kal.-,5%2C56%20mm,Yang%20dipangkas%20menjadi%20363%20mm. https://pindad.com/ss1-v2-cal-556-mm#:~:text=SS1-V2 Kal.-,5%2C56 mm,yang dipangkas menjadi 363 mm.
Pontonnier, C., & Dumont, G. (2010). Functional Anatomy of the Arm for Muscle Forces Estimation. Symposium on Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering (CMBBE), February 2010.
Potter, A. W., Looney, D. P., Blanchard, L. A., Welles, A. P., & Santee, W. R. (2017). Accuracy of predictive equations for metabolic cost of locomotion while carrying external load. J Sport Human Perf, 5(1), 1–7.
Priyambada, G., Prayoga, A. S., Utomo, A. W. B., Saputro, D. P., & Hartono, R. (2022). Sports App: Digitalization of Sports Basic Movement. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(1), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100112
Rey, N. (2019). 100 HIIT Workouts: Visual Easy-to-Follow Routines for All Fitness Levels. Darebee.
Ritonga, D. A., Damanik, S., Damanik, S. A., Suprayitno, & Priyambada, G. (2022). Development of Learning Variations to Improve Basic Jumping Skills and Play Approaches of Elementary School Students. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 10(2), 360–371. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.2246
Roy, B. A. (2013). High-Intensity Interval Training. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal. https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0b013e31828cb21c
Russell, K. (2013). A Rifle Operating Group for Small Arms Recoil Reduction. Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering, 6(3), 194–199. https://doi.org/10.2174/22127976113069990009
Septianus, E., Sazeli Rifki, M., & Komaini, A. (2019). Tes dan Pengukuran Olahraga. Rajawali Pers.
Siedentop, D. L., Hastie, P., & Van der Mars, H. (2019). Complete guide to sport education. Human Kinetics.
Smith, B., & McGannon, K. R. (2018). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International review of sport and exercise psychology, 11(1), 101-121.
Subrata, P. A. (2019). Uji Fungsi Senjata SS1-V2 dan Pistol P2. Https://Tni-Au.Mil.Id/Uji-Fungsi-Senjata-Ss1-v2-Pistol-P2/. https://tni-au.mil.id/uji-fungsi-senjata-ss1-v2-pistol-p2/
Viana, R. B., Naves, J. P. A., de Lira, C. A. B., Coswig, V. S., Del Vecchio, F. B., Vieira, C. A., & Gentil, P. (2018). Defining the number of bouts and oxygen uptake during the “Tabata protocol” performed at different intensities. Physiology and Behavior, 189(November 2017), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.045
Volkmar, M. (2017). Tabata Workout Handbook Volume 2. In Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952. (Vol. 13, Issue April). hatherleigh.
Wu, Z. J., Wang, Z. Y., Gao, H. E., Zhou, X. F., & Li, F. H. (2021). Impact of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, physical fitness, and metabolic parameters in older adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Experimental Gerontology, 150(1), 111345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111345
Winnick, J., & Porretta, D. L. (2018). Adapted physical education and sport. Human Kinetics.